Historic perspectives and recent advances in major animal models of Hypertension1

Abstract

Hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death in many countries. The etiology of human essential hypertension is largely unknown. It is highly likely that hypertension is a complex and multifactorial disease resulting from the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors. Animal models of hypertension have been proved to be useful to study the pathogenesis of, and to find a new therapy for, hypertension. The aim of this article is to briefly review the most widely used rodent models of experimental hypertension, including history and recent advances. These models are classified as genetically-induced, environmentally-induced, pharmacologically-induced, and renalinduced hypertension according to the way of induction; the typical representatives of each of these major types of experimental hypertension are spontaneous hypertension, cold-induced hypertension, DOCA-salt-induced hypertension, and renal-induced hypertension, respectively. The processes of induction of hypertension, possible pathogenesis, characteristics, advantages, and limitations of these animal models are reviewed. In addition, the clinical implications of the above experimental models of hypertension are addressed.

AAV delivery of mineralocorticoid receptor shRNA prevents progression of cold-induced hypertension and attenuates renal damage

“…Cold-induced hypertension is a natural form of experimentally induced hypertension that does not require surgery, administration of large doses of hormones or drugs, or genetic manipulation. 22,23 The characteristics of CIH are similar to those of human essential hypertension. [22][23][24] Cold-induced hypertension model was chosen for in vivo test because CIH is associated with the overactivity of the RAAS.…”

“…22,23 The characteristics of CIH are similar to those of human essential hypertension. [22][23][24] Cold-induced hypertension model was chosen for in vivo test because CIH is associated with the overactivity of the RAAS. [25][26][27][28][29] We hypothesized that AAV delivery of MR-shRNA attenuates CIH and renal damage.…”

Effects of freshwater and saltwater adaptation and dietary salt on fluid compartments, blood pressure, and venous capacitance in trout

“…This is not surprising, as water loss in the urine or through evaporation is a chronic problem for terrestrial vertebrates, and, because water is not actively transported, it can only be retained if osmotically coupled to an osmolyte, usually salt. However, the inexorable coupling of water and salt has been problematic in understanding the pathophysiology of blood pressure regulation (2,19,35).…”

Supplementation of apelin increase plasma levels of nesfatin-1 in normal and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats

“…Hypertension can occur in many genetic and environmental factors and is a complex, multifactorial and major health problem (1). Acute positive inotropic effects of apelin have been shown in both healthy and heart failure rats (28,29).…”

“…Hypertension, occuring due to many genetic and environmental factors, is a complex and multi factorial disease (1). Many pathophysiological factors such as increase in sympathetic nervous system activity, overproduction of vasoconstrictors such as endothelin and thromboxane, overproduction of sodium retaining hormones, insuffi cient intake of potassium and calcium, increased and inappropriate renin secretion, defi ciency of vasodilators such as prostaglandins and nitric oxide, congenital abnormalities of resistance vessels, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, obesity, increased activity of vascular growth factors and changes of cellular ion transport play a role in the formation of hypertension (2).…”