“…Several novel numerical methods have been developed to address this computational challenge. For example, adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) [6,7], multigrid methods [8,9,10], Chimera overset grids [11], and remeshing/refining finite element methods (FEM) [12,13,14,15] have been used to accomplish a great deal of contemporary computational modeling. However all of these methods become computationally expensive when the user does not know a priori the spatial and temporal locations of interesting solution features.…”