Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Special Microenvironment

Abstract

Classical Hodgkn’s lymphoma (cHL) is one of the most particular lymphomas for the few tumor cells surrounded by an inflammatory microenvironment. Reed-Sternberg (RS) and Hodgkin (H) cells reprogram and evade antitumor mechanisms of the normal cells present in the microenvironment. The cells of microenvironment are essential for growth and survival of the RS/H cells and are recruited through the effect of cytokines/chemokines. We summarize recent advances in gene expression profiling (GEP) analysis applied to study microenvironment component in cHL. We also describe the main therapies that target not only the neoplastic cells but also the cellular components of the background.

The Hodgkin Lymphoma Immune Microenvironment: Turning Bad News into Good

“…The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a crucial determinant of tumor growth, progression, and resistance to chemotherapy in cancer, and classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is one of the most representative examples [ 1 ]. cHL tumors are characterized by a minor B cell-derived monoclonal proliferation of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells diluted in an abundant inflammatory microenvironment, which is the main component of the tumor mass [ 2 ].…”

Genetically Predicted Levels of Circulating Inflammatory Cytokines and the Risk of Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Two-sample Mendelian Randomization Study

“…RS cells and Hodgkin's cells (HC), and the tumor microenvironment make up Hodgkin lymphoma tumor tissue 31 . Although RSCs and Hodgkin's cells make up only 1-10% of the tumor mass 8 , an in ammatory tumor microenvironment(TME) consisting of non-malignant T and B lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, granulocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), endothelial cells makes up the majority of the remaining mass 10,14 . Cytokines/chemokines, including, Il-5 32 , IL-7 33 , IL-8 34 , CCL5 (RANTES) 35 , CCL17 (TARC) 35 , CCL20 36 and CCL28 37 play a very vital role in the construction of TME.…”

“…Cytokines promote or inhibit tumor growth by mediating interactions between immune and non-immune cells in the tumor microenvironment 7 . The majority of HL tumors consist of a mixed in ammatory in ltrate, including lymphocytes, eosinophils, broblasts, macrophages, and plasma cells 8 , re ecting the possibility that HL formation is an aberrant immune response by the action of multiple cytokines and chemokines produced primarily by Reed-Sternberg cells(RSC) and by the surrounding reactive in ltrate 9 .In particular, RSC synthesizes and releases many cytokines and chemokines involved in granulocytes, lymphocytes, mast cells, and macrophage recruitment, such as IL-5, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9 10 . Earlier studies have found that an increased level of IL6 is associated with a poorer prognosis for Hodgkin lymphoma and NHL 11,12 .…”

Brentuximab vedotin in combination with doxorubicin, vinblastine and dacarbazine for first-line treatment of stage IV HL: cost impact on subsequent lines in Italy

“…linfomi e lo 0,6% di tutti i tumori (2), con una prevalenza di circa 67.000 pazienti e un'incidenza di oltre 2.100 nuovi casi ogni anno (2) di cui circa il 14% è diagnosticato allo stadio IV (3). Nonostante il cHL presenti un elevato tasso di sopravvivenza a 5 anni dalla diagnosi (82-85% (2)), il 15% dei pazienti con cHL allo stadio iniziale e il 30% dei soggetti allo stadio avanzato affrontano una ricaduta dopo i primi trattamenti o sono affetti da una forma refrattaria della patologia (1). Inoltre, persiste un eccesso di mortalità tra i sopravvissuti associata agli effetti ritardati della tossicità dei trattamenti e l'insorgenza di carcinomi secondari o di tossicità cardiaca (4).…”