Holistic approach to microwave-reflux extraction and thermo-analytical fingerprints of under-utilized Artocarpus heterophyllus seed wastes

Abstract

The increase in wastes generated from jackfruit seeds has been largely under-utilized in Malaysia. Due to the high nutritional and medicinal content embedded in the cellulosic structure of jackfruit wastes, a need then arises for their physicochemical elucidations. In this study, the extraction of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed was carefully investigated using Taguchi orthogonal optimization design. Complete functional group characteristics and chemical profile of the A. heterophyllus seed extracts were obtained using different physicochemical characterization. The optimal conditions of the microwave extraction parameters were determined at 5 min of irradiation time, 450 W of power and 50 °C of temperature. Under this condition, the optimal yield of 17.34 (mg/g) % was achieved at an SNR ratio of 24.78. The mass spectrometry analysis tentatively identified a total of 90 and 148 secondary metabolites at positive and negative ESI modes, respectively. The chemical profile obtained provided a baseline reference for further investigation on the food and medicinal bioactive from Artocarpus heterophyllus seed oleoresins. The FT-infrared emission spectrum shows the presence of some specific carbohydrates and amide protein functional groups directly linked to C–O (1008 cm −1 ) the carbonyl (C=O) groups, respectively. Moreover, the morphological characteristics of the jackfruit raw and crude extracts conspicuously revealed large-sized globules which suggest the carbohydrates and protein contents. The result of this study indicates that the use of microwave extraction technology produced high-quality extracts with lower degradation of the thermal labile constituents. This will assist in determining the suitable conditions necessary for the total recovery of medicinal and nutritional constituents and conversion of agricultural waste products into useful products.

Application of Conventional and Non-Conventional Extraction Methods to Obtain Functional Ingredients from Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Tissues and By-Products

“…All the extraction methods used in this study had better yields when using ethanol as a solvent; additionally, ethanol extracts had better antioxidant capacity [20]. More recently, Olalere et al [41] used microwaves-assisted extraction (MAE) in jackfruit seeds (5 min of irradiation, 450 W, and 50 • C) and concluded that MAE produces high-quality extracts with a remarkable impact on properties like texture, phenolic exudation, and lower degradation of thermolabile compounds.…”

“…Phenolic compounds yield: 17.34 mg/g% [41] Supercritical fluid extraction with CO 2 7.00 g of sample is placed into a column (127.5 mm length × 10 mm diameter and internal volume of 10 cm 3 ) to form the bed of fixed particles. Conditions: temperature of 50 • C, pressure of 12 MPa, CO 2 flow rate of 4.0 mL min −1 , and extraction time of 150 min.…”