Host Genetics and Gut Microbiome: Perspectives for Multiple Sclerosis

Maglione, Alessandro; Zuccalà, Miriam; Tosi, Martina; Clerico, Marinella; Rolla, Simona

doi:10.3390/genes12081181

Cited by 24 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…A probiotic is defined by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) as a “live microorganism that, when administered in adequate amounts, confers a health benefit on the host” ( 192 ). Given the involvement of the GBA in the pathogenesis of MS ( 23 ), probiotics could represent an emerging therapeutic alternative. Studies on the use of probiotics in MS are quite scarce in humans when compared to those performed on EAE.…”

Section: Probiotics Prebiotics and Postbioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding the gut microbiome: impact on multiple sclerosis

et al. 2023

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial neurological disease characterized by chronic inflammation and immune-driven demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS). The rising number of MS cases in the last decade could be partially attributed to environmental changes, among which the alteration of the gut microbiome driven by novel dietary habits is now of particular interest. The intent of this review is to describe how diet can impact the development and course of MS by feeding the gut microbiome. We discuss the role of nutrition and the gut microbiota in MS disease, describing preclinical studies on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and clinical studies on dietary interventions in MS, with particular attention to gut metabolites–immune system interactions. Possible tools that target the gut microbiome in MS, such as the use of probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics, are analyzed as well. Finally, we discuss the open questions and the prospects of these microbiome-targeted therapies for people with MS and for future research.

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Section: Probiotics Prebiotics and Postbioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding the gut microbiome: impact on multiple sclerosis

et al. 2023

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“…This is a somewhat expected result, as there is a mounting body of evidence of a bidirectional, proinflammatory relationship between MS and the gut microbiome. The pathologically composed gut microbiome of MS patients was shown to induce a proinflammatory state and, vice versa, the autoreactive immune system of the patient has been observed to shape the gut microbiome [ 388 , 389 , 390 ]. The vast majority of the biomarker candidate miRNA-target gene pairs identified by the study are already known to be involved in the activation and signalling apparatus of the immune system.…”

Section: Fluid Biomarkers Of Multiple Sclerosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Biomarkers of Multiple Sclerosis in the Blood and the CSF: A Focus on Neurofilaments and Therapeutic Considerations

Biernacki

Kokas

Sandi

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common immune-mediated chronic neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting young people. This is due to the permanent disability, cognitive impairment, and the enormous detrimental impact MS can exert on a patient’s health-related quality of life. It is of great importance to recognise it in time and commence adequate treatment at an early stage. The currently used disease-modifying therapies (DMT) aim to reduce disease activity and thus halt disability development, which in current clinical practice are monitored by clinical and imaging parameters but not by biomarkers found in blood and/or the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Both clinical and radiological measures routinely used to monitor disease activity lack information on the fundamental pathophysiological features and mechanisms of MS. Furthermore, they lag behind the disease process itself. By the time a clinical relapse becomes evident or a new lesion appears on the MRI scan, potentially irreversible damage has already occurred in the CNS. In recent years, several biomarkers that previously have been linked to other neurological and immunological diseases have received increased attention in MS. Additionally, other novel, potential biomarkers with prognostic and diagnostic properties have been detected in the CSF and blood of MS patients. Areas covered: In this review, we summarise the most up-to-date knowledge and research conducted on the already known and most promising new biomarker candidates found in the CSF and blood of MS patients. Discussion: the current diagnostic criteria of MS relies on three pillars: MRI imaging, clinical events, and the presence of oligoclonal bands in the CSF (which was reinstated into the diagnostic criteria by the most recent revision). Even though the most recent McDonald criteria made the diagnosis of MS faster than the prior iteration, it is still not an infallible diagnostic toolset, especially at the very early stage of the clinically isolated syndrome. Together with the gold standard MRI and clinical measures, ancillary blood and CSF biomarkers may not just improve diagnostic accuracy and speed but very well may become agents to monitor therapeutic efficacy and make even more personalised treatment in MS a reality in the near future. The major disadvantage of these biomarkers in the past has been the need to obtain CSF to measure them. However, the recent advances in extremely sensitive immunoassays made their measurement possible from peripheral blood even when present only in minuscule concentrations. This should mark the beginning of a new biomarker research and utilisation era in MS.

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“…Initial studies pointed to the involvement of HLA alleles [25,26], but more recent work identified 200 loci linked to susceptibility to MS away from the HLA region [27][28][29]. Moreover, a number of studies suggest that genetic factors alone are insufficient and often require additional risk factors such as environmental ones, such as, e.g., an unhealthy gut microbiome [30]. Additional environmental factors include low vitamin D or low sun exposure, air pollution and exposure to organic solvents.…”

Section: Multiple Sclerosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Proteins with PxxP and PY Motifs May Play a Role in Multiple Sclerosis

Sang

Straus

2022

Viruses

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating disease that arises from immune system attacks to the protective myelin sheath that covers nerve fibers and ensures optimal communication between brain and body. Although the cause of MS is unknown, a number of factors, which include viruses, have been identified as increasing the risk of displaying MS symptoms. Specifically, the ubiquitous and highly prevalent Epstein–Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, cytomegalovirus, varicella–zoster virus, and other viruses have been identified as potential triggering agents. In this review, we examine the specific role of proline-rich proteins encoded by these viruses and their potential role in MS at a molecular level.

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Host Genetics and Gut Microbiome: Perspectives for Multiple Sclerosis

Cited by 24 publications

References 128 publications

Feeding the gut microbiome: impact on multiple sclerosis

Feeding the gut microbiome: impact on multiple sclerosis

Emerging Biomarkers of Multiple Sclerosis in the Blood and the CSF: A Focus on Neurofilaments and Therapeutic Considerations

Viral Proteins with PxxP and PY Motifs May Play a Role in Multiple Sclerosis

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