Heisler, O.M., 1986. Effects of individual trees on the solar radiation climate of small buildings. Urban Ecol., 9 : 337-359. Under clear skies, a mid-sized sugar maple tree (Acer saccharum Marsh.) reduced irradiance in its shade on a south-facing wall by about 80% when in leaf, and by nearly 40% when leafless. Reductions by a similar-sized London plane (Platanus acerifolia W.) were generally slightly smaller. The percentage reductions varied with the fraction (DR) of diffuse radiation, and could be approximated by regressions with DR' as the independent variable. The significance of the irradiance reductions (or building radiation climate was tested by using physical models of representative tree crowns (similar to sugar maple) and a representative house to evaluate shadow patterns, along with a mathematical model of average hourly solar radiation for an average day of each month. For a mid-sized tree with a 2-m clear bole located south of the house in a cloudy climate, the ratio of desirable insolation reductions during the cooling season to undesirable insolation reductions during the heating season was a low 0.74; whereas, with the same tree on the west, the ratio was a much more beneficial 4.6. In a surmy climate, the ratios were 0.55 and 3.3 for the tree on the south and west, respectively. A tai1er tree with a longer clear bole on the south produced more favorable ratios of cooling season to heating season insolation reductions than the tree with the short clear bole on the south.