House fly vector for porcine circovirus 2b on commercial pig farms

Blunt, Ruth; McOrist, S.; McKillen, John; McNair, I.; Jiang, Tianxing; Mellits, Kenneth H.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.11.019

Cited by 39 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…These findings agree with the results of Barreiro et al (22) in Portugal, which showed presence of Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, ETSA, and Listeria monocytogenes collected from kitchens, and kitchens situated in the closest proximity to the animal husbandry. Our results are in accordance with other reports which highlight the importance of houseflies in carrying various pathogenic bacteria, suggesting that these insects may serve as an important avenue of disseminating disease-causing agents like ETSA to the environment (9,23,24). ETSA were isolated from 14 % of M. domestica that sampled from the nine sites of broiler farms.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Housefly (Musca domestica) as Carrier of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in Broiler Farms in Iran: Is it Important for Public Health?

Ghalehnoo¹

2015

Int J Enteric Pathog

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Background: During the last decade, the prevalence of insect borne diseases due to contaminated food as well as the outbreaks of diseases due to enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus (ETSA) strains has increased. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate, enterotoxigenecity, and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus isolated from M. domestica collected from the residential areas of nine districts broiler farms in Zabol, Iran. Materials and Methods:The flies were captured with a sterile nylon net and washed twice with distilled water. The contents were streaked onto selective media and S. aureus was identified using the conventional biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using CLSI guideline. Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), SEA, SEB, SEC and SED, was detected by the reverse passive latex agglutination (PRLA) method. Coagulase typing was performed with coagulase typing kit. Results: A total of 87 (17%) S. aureus was isolated from 450 samples. The ability to synthesize staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) was determined in 62 of 87 (71%) isolates. SE type B was the most common enterotoxin found in the isolated S. aureus (45%), followed by SE type A (26%), SE type C (5%), SE type D (8%), SEA + SEC (7%) and SEA + SEB (7%). Among the antibiotic tested, Penicillin was the most resistant antibiotic tested. Sixty seven percent of isolates belonged to coagulase type III, VI, VII, VIII, IV, and V. Conclusions: Our results suggest that S. aureus, including ETSA, is being carried by house flies such as M. domestica and may contribute to the spread of pathogenic isolates, with an impact on public health.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Housefly (Musca domestica) as Carrier of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in Broiler Farms in Iran: Is it Important for Public Health?

Ghalehnoo¹

2015

Int J Enteric Pathog

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“…In the absence of a tick vector, other arthropods have been considered. Flies have vector potential for several pathogens (Blunt et al, ; Förster et al, ), and various other biting insects, such as mosquitoes (Baldacchino et al, ; Maggi, ) and hog lice (Hornok et al, ), are known or suspected to transmit viral, bacterial and rickettsial infections. One experimental study has shown successful mechanical transmission of ASFV to pigs by stable flies ( Stomoxys calcitrans) up to 24 hr after ingesting viraemic blood and subsequently feeding on pigs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace amounts of African swine fever virus DNA detected in insects collected from an infected pig farm in Estonia

Herm

Tummeleht

Jürison

et al. 2019

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background African swine fever (ASF), a severe multi‐systemic disease in pigs, was introduced into Estonia in 2014. The majority of outbreaks have occurred during the summer months. Given that ASFV is transmitted in a sylvatic cycle that includes the transmission by African soft ticks and that mechanical transmission by flying insects was shown, transmission by other arthropod vectors need to be considered. Objectives Here, we report the results of a pilot study on flying insects caught on an outbreak farm during epidemiological investigations. Methods In brief, 15 different insect species (flies and mosquitoes) were collected by random catch using an aerial net. Nucleic acids derived from these samples or their pools were tested for African swine fever virus (ASFV) DNA by real‐time PCR. Results and Conclusions Viral DNA was detected in small quantities in two samples from flies and mosquitoes. Given the slow spread of virus within the farm, the impact of these findings seems rather low, but a role in local transmission cannot be ruled out. However, given the very low number of insects sampled, and taken into the account that viral isolation was not performed and insects outside the farm were not investigated, future investigations are needed to assess the true impact of insects as mechanical vectors.

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“…There is also concern that flies may also contribute to the spread of avian influenza [18]. Blunt et al [19] also confirmed the potential of the dominant Musca domestica flies to act as vectors for circovirus carriage, and this potential may also be true for many nonenveloped viruses. In another perspective, Faulde and Spiesberger [20] also showed that a moth fly is a potential mechanical vector of bacterial pathogens associated with nosocomial infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Flies as Vectors of Foodborne Pathogens in Rural Areas

et al. 2013

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This study aims to evaluate flies as a vector for foodborne pathogens. For this purpose, several flies were collected from different sites from rural areas. These flies were then analyzed for the presence of Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positive, and Listeria monocytogenes. Another aim of this study was to evaluate some virulence factors of the collected pathogens: susceptibility to some antibiotics and the presence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus. The results showed that flies in the presence of animals demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of the studied pathogens than those collected in the kitchens, and kitchens situated in the closest proximity to the animal husbandry had a higher count than the kitchens in private houses. Enterobacteriaceae was the indicator organism with the highest microbial counts followed by E. coli and S. aureus. Listeria monocytogenes was not detected from any of the collected flies. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the bacteria carried by the flies possessed multiantibiotic resistance profiles, and enterotoxin A was produced by 17.9% of the confirmed S. aureus isolates. These results demonstrate that flies can transmit foodborne pathogens and their associated toxin and resistance and the areas of higher risk are those in closer proximity to animal production sites.

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House fly vector for porcine circovirus 2b on commercial pig farms

Cited by 39 publications

References 9 publications

Housefly (Musca domestica) as Carrier of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in Broiler Farms in Iran: Is it Important for Public Health?

Housefly (Musca domestica) as Carrier of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in Broiler Farms in Iran: Is it Important for Public Health?

Trace amounts of African swine fever virus DNA detected in insects collected from an infected pig farm in Estonia

Role of Flies as Vectors of Foodborne Pathogens in Rural Areas

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