Household and community responses to seasonal droughts in rural areas of Costa Rica

Madrigal-Ballestero, Róger; Capitán, Tabaré; Salas, Ariana; Córdoba, Daniela

doi:10.3362/1756-3488.18-00020

Cited by 2 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The goal may be about the availability of a service—eg, to ensure that sanitation facilities are in place,10 21 37–43 that facilities meet the needs of people with disabilities44 or that water is accessible 45 46. The goal may also be resource preservation (safety and/or accessibility), so that water is available to be accessed as desired—eg, to check water samples for faecal or arsenic contamination14 47–50 or to assess the level of groundwater available for agriculture throughout the year 51. Internal monitoring can be conducted by a chief or village headman,10 21 38 locally trained volunteers,48 community members40 51 or by the community’s health, water or community—total led sanitation committee 37 39 41 45 46 48 50.…”

Section: Accountabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These roles and responsibilities can be reinforced through committee trainings 50. A gender-balanced committee opens up the space for accountability, as more opinions and views are considered on what factors are important and need consideration 41 45 46 49 54 55. There can be challenges in accepting the involvement of women in a gender-balanced committee 41…”

Section: Accountabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The need for the resource can help promote ownership, as the communities have a dependency on it and take greater steps to ensure the availability of resources such as water and latrines 37 38 47 49 51 76. Ownership can be initiated by need or want of a resource: such that as a community plays a role in obtaining an intervention, their sense of ownership can be increased when the intervention is in place, thus creating a self-reinforcing loop between availability and ownership.…”

Section: Ownershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ownership is enabled by the involvement of communities in the codesign, coplanning and coimplementation of hardware, increasing the likelihood that the resource reflects the community needs,14 88 the costs are appropriate and affordable,15 18 the community has the appropriate information for operations and maintenance,18 50 61 91 and the community is willing and able to commit to bear hardware costs and ongoing operational and maintenance costs,15 60 92 93 thus becoming self-sufficient 15 18 87. In the absence of this, a community may need to rely on external sources for the longevity of resources 17 49 63 91 92. Ownership is enabled when communities are allowed or granted decision-making authority in operations and have responsibility for the maintenance of hardware 17 94.…”

Section: Ownershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taking ownership requires a leader or committee to champion action,16 34 48 50 87 especially when a leader or committee has to manage the hardware (eg, in terms of speed and adequacy of repair) and to raise and manage funds necessary to maintain the hardware (eg, their water system) in the long term 46 48 50 55 61 74 78 87. Financial management ability can be hampered when communities have low budget resources or communities are unable to afford the service and the committee receives limited funds to maintain a water system, impacting the longevity of the water service 14 48 49…”

Section: Ownershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How community participation in water and sanitation interventions impacts human health, WASH infrastructure and service longevity in low-income and middle-income countries: a realist review

et al. 2021

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ObjectiveTo understand how, and under what circumstances community participation in water and sanitation interventions impacts the availability of safe water and sanitation, a change in health status or behaviour and the longevity of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) resources and services.DesignRealist review.Data sourcesPubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were used to identify papers from low-income and middle-income countries from 2010 to 2020.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesCriteria were developed for papers to be included. The contribution of each paper was assessed based on its relevance and rigour (eg, can it contribute to context, mechanism or outcome, and is the method used to generate that information credible).AnalysisInductive and deductive coding was used to generate context–mechanism–outcome configurations.Results73 studies conducted in 29 countries were included. We identified five mechanisms that explained the availability, change and longevity outcomes: (1) accountability (policies and procedures to hold communities responsible for their actions and outcomes of an intervention), (2) diffusion (spread of an idea or behaviour by innovators over time through communication among members of a community), (3) market (the interplay between demand and supply of a WASH service or resource), (4) ownership (a sense of possession and control of the WASH service or resource) and (5) shame (a feeling of disgust in one’s behaviour or actions). Contextual elements identified included community leadership and communication, technical skills and knowledge, resource access and dependency, committee activity such as the rules and management plans, location and the level of community participation.ConclusionsThe findings highlight five key mechanisms impacted by 19 contextual factors that explain the outcomes of community water and sanitation interventions. Policymakers, programme implementers and institutions should consider community dynamics, location, resources, committee activity and practices and nature of community participation, before introducing community water and sanitation interventions.

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Section: Accountabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accountabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ownershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ownershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ownershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How community participation in water and sanitation interventions impacts human health, WASH infrastructure and service longevity in low-income and middle-income countries: a realist review

et al. 2021

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The Price and Value of Water: An Economic Review

Grafton¹,

Manero²,

Chu³

et al. 2023

Camb. prisms Water

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This review examines key economic concepts in relation to the price and value of water for the supply and demand of household water. It responds to a series of questions about water and how it is used. These include (1) Why water is (or is not) priced and valued (or not)?; (2) What are the key economic concepts for pricing water?; (3) How is water priced and how are water supply assets valued for full cost recovery?; (4) Who bears the costs and enjoys the benefits of water use?; and (5) When is the price of water expected to change? Examples are provided to demonstrate the universality of the economic concepts while highlighting how their application must be bespoke and account for different socio-economic contexts and bio-physical conditions where water is supplied and demanded. Impact statementWe demonstrate how key economic concepts have the potential, if effectively applied, to be transformational in relation to the who, what, where and when of how water is used globally. This opportunity arises because much of the world suffers from either too much (flooding), too little (hydrological droughts) or too dirty water that shortens and diminishes the quality of life of billions of people and degrades environments. Business as usual for water must change, given the projected increase in the world's population of about 2.5 billion over the coming decades, cascading risks from climate change with its myriad of interactions with water, rising global water use, declining aquifers in large food-producing regions, degrading riparian environment due to overextraction, and water pollution. Appropriately pricing and, separately, valuing water for economic efficiency and for more equitable and just outcomes, along with responses to longstanding water governance failures, offer potentially very large global benefits and would support the delivery of SDG 6, 'water for all'. '…(s)upplies and demands for water are not absolutely determined by natural forces and engineering requirements but rather are to be measured in terms of the economic balance of all needs and resources of the community…Where water is scarce and expensive (in terms of other resources that must be sacrificed to make more water available), it becomes justifiable to construct elaborate facilitiesto minimize intake, to recirculate quantities withdrawn, and to avoid uses that are consumptive'.

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Household and community responses to seasonal droughts in rural areas of Costa Rica

Cited by 2 publications

References 19 publications

How community participation in water and sanitation interventions impacts human health, WASH infrastructure and service longevity in low-income and middle-income countries: a realist review

How community participation in water and sanitation interventions impacts human health, WASH infrastructure and service longevity in low-income and middle-income countries: a realist review

The Price and Value of Water: An Economic Review

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