How can the complex epidemiology of malaria in India impact its elimination?

Khan, Nikhat; Awasthi, Gauri; Das, Ashim

doi:10.1016/j.pt.2023.03.006

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Lastly, a systematic review for finding out the prevalence of malaria (from 2001 to 2021) estimated pooled malaria prevalence in Pakistan to be 23.3%, with P. vivax , P. falciparum , and mixed infection rates of 79.13%, 16.29%, and 3.98%, respectively. Moreover, the analysis marked Karachi as the hotspot for malaria with a prevalence rate of 99.79% ( Khan Nikhat et al, 2023 ). This data suggests that malaria is still endemic in most parts of the world.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quest for malaria management using natural remedies

Ain,

Saleem,

Munawar

et al. 2024

Front. Pharmacol.

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Malaria, transmitted through the bite of a Plasmodium-infected Anopheles mosquito, remains a significant global health concern. This review examines the complex life cycle of Plasmodium, emphasizing the role of humans and mosquitoes in its transmission and proliferation. Malarial parasites are transmitted as sporozoites to the human body by biting an infected female Anopheles mosquito. These sporozoites then invade liver cells, multiply, and release merozoites, which infect red blood cells, perpetuating the cycle. As this cycle continues, the affected person starts experiencing the clinical symptoms of the disease. The current treatments for malaria, including chloroquine, artemisinin-based combination therapy, and quinine, are discussed alongside the challenges of drug resistance and misdiagnosis. Although efforts have been made to develop a malarial vaccine, they have so far been unsuccessful. Additionally, the review explores the potential of medicinal plants as remedies for malaria, highlighting the efficacy of compounds derived from Artemisia annua, Cinchona species, and Helianthus annuus L., as well as exploration of plants and phytocompounds like cryptolepine, and isoliquiritigenin against drug-resistant Plasmodium species. Moreover, studies from Pakistan further highlight the diverse vegetal resources utilized in malaria treatment, emphasizing the need for further research into natural remedies. Despite the advantages of herbal medicines, including cost-effectiveness, and fewer side effects; their limitations must be taken into account, including variations in potency and potential drug interactions. The review concludes by advocating for a balanced approach to malaria treatment and prevention, emphasizing the importance of early detection, accurate diagnosis, and integrated efforts to combat the disease in the endemic regions.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quest for malaria management using natural remedies

Ain,

Saleem,

Munawar

et al. 2024

Front. Pharmacol.

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“…The emergence of these vectors in new areas highlights the critical need for continuous entomological surveillance to monitor and effectively address these evolving challenges. The migration of various malaria vectors across neighboring areas, ecological transitions, and colonization of new habitats through evolutionary adaptation to eco-climatic changes have been documented in numerous instances in India [ 9 ]. An entomological surveillance study [ 10 ] was conducted to monitor the Aedes invasion in the Guilan Province of Iran, which boasts several ports of entry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Vector Bionomics: Countrywide Surveillance Study on Implications for Malaria Elimination in India

Rahi,

Mishra,

Chand

et al. 2024

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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Background The biological characteristics of mosquito vectors vary, impacting their response to control measures. Thus, having up-to-date information on vector bionomics is essential to maintain the effectiveness of existing control strategies and tools, particularly as India aims for malaria elimination by 2030. Objective This study aims to assess the proportions of vector species resting indoors and outdoors, determine their preference for host biting/feeding, identify transmission sites, and evaluate the susceptibility of vectors to insecticides used in public health programs. Methods Mosquito collections were conducted in 13 districts across 8 Indian states from 2017 to 2020 using various methods to estimate their densities. Following morphological identification in the field, sibling species of Anopheles mosquitoes were identified molecularly using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–specific alleles. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in the vectors were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR assays. In addition, we assessed the insecticide susceptibility status of primary malaria vectors following the World Health Organization (WHO) protocol. Results Anopheles culicifacies, a primary malaria vector, was collected (with a man-hour density ranging from 3.1 to 15.9) from all states of India except those in the northeastern region. Anopheles fluviatilis, another primary vector, was collected from the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Odisha. In Haryana and Karnataka, An. culicifacies sibling species A predominated, whereas species C and E were predominant in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. An. culicifacies displayed mainly endophilic behavior across all states, except in Madhya Pradesh, where the proportion of semigravid and gravid mosquitoes was nearly half of that of unfed mosquitoes. The human blood index of An. culicifacies ranged from 0.001 to 0.220 across all study sites. The sporozoite rate of An. culicifacies ranged from 0.06 to 4.24, except in Madhya Pradesh, where none of the vector mosquitoes were found to be infected with the Plasmodium parasite. In the study area, An. culicifacies exhibited resistance to DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; with <39% mortality). Moreover, it showed resistance to malathion (with mortality rates ranging from 49% to 78%) in all districts except Angul in Odisha and Palwal in Haryana. In addition, resistance to deltamethrin was observed in districts of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana, and Karnataka. Conclusions Our study offers vital insights into the prevalence, resting behavior, and sibling species composition of malaria vectors in India. It is evident from our findings that resistance development in An. culicifacies, the primary vector, to synthetic pyrethroids is on the rise in the country. Furthermore, the results of our study suggest a potential change in the resting behavi...

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