How Can the United States Move toward Gender-Neutral Special Forces?: Lessons from the Norwegian Military

Loukou, Mariah

doi:10.36304/expwmcup.2020.06

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Services were given until 2015 to provide implementation plans for integration. Similarly, other western countries were/are attempting sex integration in their armies (2). The characteristics that uniquely define these pioneering women are of great interest as they provide a reference point for women undertaking such arduous training.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and Physiological Characterization of Female Elite Warfighters

McClung¹,

Spiering

Bartlett³

et al. 2022

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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IntroductionThis study characterized a sample of the first women to complete elite United States (US) military training.MethodsTwelve female graduates of the US Army Ranger Course and one of the first Marine Corps Infantry Officers Course graduates participated in 3 d of laboratory testing including serum endocrine profiles, aerobic capacity, standing broad jump, common soldiering tasks, Army Combat Fitness Test, and body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, three-dimensional body surface scans, and anthropometry).ResultsThe women were 6 months to 4 yr postcourse graduation, 30 ± 6 yr (mean ± SD); height, 1.67 ± 0.07 m; body mass, 69.4 ± 8.2 kg; body mass index, 25.0 ± 2.3 kg·m−2. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry relative fat was 20.0% ± 2.0%; fat-free mass, 53.0 ± 5.9 kg; fat-free mass index, 20.0 ± 1.7 kg·m−2; bone mineral content, 2.75 ± 0.28 kg; bone mineral density, 1.24 ± 0.07 g·cm−2; aerobic capacity, 48.2 ± 4.8 mL·kg−1·min−1; total Army Combat Fitness Test score 505 ± 27; standing broad jump 2.0 ± 0.2 m; 123 kg casualty drag 0.70 ± 0.20 m·s−1, and 4 mile 47 kg ruck march 64 ± 6 min. All women were within normal healthy female range for circulating androgens. Physique from three-dimensional scan demonstrated greater circumferences at eight of the 11 sites compared with the standard military female.ConclusionsThese pioneering women possessed high strength and aerobic capacity, low %BF; high fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, and bone mass and density; and they were not virilized based on endocrine measures as compared with other reference groups. This group is larger in body size and leaner than the average Army woman. These elite physical performers seem most comparable to female competitive strength athletes.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and Physiological Characterization of Female Elite Warfighters

McClung¹,

Spiering

Bartlett³

et al. 2022

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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“…Tokia šalis kaip Norvegija, viena labiausiai lyčių lygybe pasižyminčių valstybių, ėmėsi svarbių žingsnių, siekdama užtikrinti lyčių lygybę kariuomenėje, kurdama mišrius lyties aspektu kovinius vienetus, tad moterų kariuomenėje tik padaugėjo, pavyzdžiui, Norvegijos 138-ajame oro pajėgų gynybos batalione 2015 m. 50 proc. buvo moterys (Loukou, 2020). Be to, 2015 m. Norvegija tapo pirmąja šalimi pasaulyje, kurioje vyrų ir moterų tarnybos terminai sutapo.…”

Section: Lyčių Lygybės Politika Karinėje Tarnybojeunclassified

Lietuvos Nuolatinės Privalomosios Pradinės Karo Tarnybos Karių Stereotipinės Nuostatos Dėl Moterų Karių

Kazlauskienė

2023

Tiltai

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The present paper discusses the role of gender equality policy in the military. The aim is to find out, paying due attention to unconscious bias, whether or not soldiers enrolled in mandatory initial military service in Lithuania support any stereotypes regarding women, and if so, then what are the stereotypes they adhere to, and what are the stereotypes that women in mandatory initial military service are confronted with. The paper analyses gender equality issues in the following two important contexts: the democratic value of gender equality in military service, and the need and readiness of the military to accommodate different genders. The latter context forms a stark contrast with the former two, especially given the traditional point of view that military service is meant to ensure effective security and defence, rather than the effective implementation of gender equality. The paper analyses how stereotypical attitudes towards women as a gender support the above-mentioned tradition. Based on the results of empirical research, stereotypes have proven to be still maintained by soldiers in the target group. The dominant stereotypical attitude is that active military service may be putting women at greater risk of harassment and sexual abuse. Female soldiers in the target group are confronted with stereotypical attitudes. They link the reasons underlying the overall support of stereotypical thinking to the age of the individuals concerned, their inherited stereotypical attitudes, and their education.

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“…Militarised masculinity cuts across global military environments while efforts are gradually being made to integrate women soldiers and gender-neutral language. For instance, Loukou (2020) argues that the Norwegian military is dominated by men and traditionally practices militarized masculinity but is in recent times establishing all-female units and introducing gender neutral forms to the language of its military. Commenting on the low women figure, Loukou argues that women have made progressive entry into the U.S. Army beginning from World War 1&11 even though women are still less in number compared to men in the Army.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Officers and men and fallen heroes: The discursive construction of regimented masculinity in the Nigerian Army

Uwen,

Alruwaili

2024

Forum Linguist. Stud.

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This paper examines the use of gendered language in the Nigerian Army’s community of practice through the application of insights from language ideology and theory of masculinity. Data were generated by means of participant observation and semi-structured interviews in a one-year fieldwork involving representative sample of 18 personnel of the 6 Battalion, Ibawa and 2 Brigade, Uyo, both in Akwa Ibom State in South-eastern Nigeria. The findings show that the Nigerian Army maintains institutional gendered language practices used among its personnel in regimented functions and social events. The gendered registers occur in the soldiers’ generic use of male address terms, adaptation to male-coded voice pattern in parades, masculinisation of Army’s workout songs, and the subordination of femininity in institutional associations, all combined to construct the regimented and performative masculinisation of the profession. This practice is observed to be informed by the numerical domination of men in the profession that was originally perceived as males’; a conception that has shaped the linguistic ideology and performance of the Nigerian Army to rehearse masculine orientations. It is however recommended that the Army’s language practices should capture modern ideals of a gender sensitive world that connect to the clamour for gender equality and equal social belonging through the inclusion of feminine linguistic markers in workplaces.

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How Can the United States Move toward Gender-Neutral Special Forces?: Lessons from the Norwegian Military

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Physical and Physiological Characterization of Female Elite Warfighters

Physical and Physiological Characterization of Female Elite Warfighters

Lietuvos Nuolatinės Privalomosios Pradinės Karo Tarnybos Karių Stereotipinės Nuostatos Dėl Moterų Karių

Officers and men and fallen heroes: The discursive construction of regimented masculinity in the Nigerian Army

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