“…Several previous papers have used oor speech to measure legislator eort (e.g., Dal Bó and Rossi, 2011;Fouirnaies and Hall, 2022;Geys and Mause, 2016). Following this literature, we use a dummy variable equal to one if incumbent i speaks in parliament on a given day d in election period e to measure the extent to which politicians are engaged in the legislative process.…”