How do logistics and financial ındicators contribute to carbon emissions in Turkiye?

Abstract

Increasing carbon emissions (CO 2 ) due to factors such as energy consumption (enco), industrialization, increase in world population, and decrease in green areas with the industrial revolution is one of the main causes of both climate change and global warming. Developments in an area containing risk factors that may affect businesses, countries, and the whole world. It is aimed to determine the impacts of nancial development ( ndev), GDP per capita (pgdp) energy consumption, and amount of freight carried by rail and road on CO 2 emissions within the framework of 1990-2021 time-series data for Turkey. By doing so, we employ the ARDL bound testing cointegration test and observe that independent variables have similar and different effects on CO 2 emissions. Energy consumption, ndev, and per capita income variables have a positive effect on CO 2 emissions in Turkey. The effect of rail and road freight transport (FT) on CO 2 emissions is negative. Although it is expected that the railway FT will contribute negatively to environmental pollution (EPol), the most interesting nding obtained from the study is related to road FT.The amount of freight transported by road has a decreasing effect on CO 2 emissions in Turkey. This paradoxical situation in Turkey may be due to the developments in the transportation infrastructure, which has enabled the convergence of space and time in recent years, young and modern vehicle eets, and the e ciency provided through logistics companies.