How does cocoa waste affect health? A systematic review

Abstract

Currently, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a global health issue and pose a serious health threat worldwide (Cheng et al., 2013;Riley et al., 2016). This is because NCDs such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), and diabetes are the leading causes of death worldwide (Hanson and Gluckman, 2011; WHO, 2021a). More than 50% of global deaths each year are attributed to NCDs. In fact, the WHO has estimated that there will be a 17% increase in NCDs in the next decade, and this will occur globally, including in low-and middle-income countries (Hanson and Gluckman, 2011;Riley et al., 2016; WHO, 2021a). In Indonesia, NCDs are the leading cause of death, exhibiting an increasingly concerning trend, primarily due to a shift in disease patterns from