“…Therefore, the Malaysian government has provided up to RM3 billion in funds to import vaccines. The government also has to use fiscal policy to provide a stimulus of RM250 billion to protect its people from economic, business, and social impacts (Shaari et al, 2021;Hamdan et al, 2022). Meanwhile, in Indonesia, the first case of COVID-19 was identified on March 2, 2020, and there were 134 confirmed cases in eight provinces, including Bali, Banten, DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, West Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, and Yogyakarta (Fadli et al, 2020;Tinungki et al, 2022).…”