How does wave impact generate large boulders? Modelling hydraulic fracture of cliffs and shore platforms

Herterich, James G.; Cox, Rónadh; Dias, Frédéric

doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2018.01.003

Cited by 32 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…The information from this locality fills an important gap in the knowledge of the geographical distribution of coastal megaclast deposits along the Atlantic coast of Europe. These deposits were reported previously from the British Isles [21,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][45][46][47][48][49][50][51], northern France (first of all, Brittany) [52][53][54][55][56], and the western and southwestern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula [57][58][59][60][61]. The Hondarribia locality represents the other domain, i.e., the Biscay Bay, the coasts of which are prone to severe storms creating and transporting megaclasts, similarly to the above-mentioned regions [62].…”

Section: Example 1: Hondarribia (Spain; Biscay Bay)supporting

confidence: 56%

Finding Coastal Megaclast Deposits: A Virtual Perspective

Ruban

2020

JMSE

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Coastal megaclast deposits are dominated by detrital particles larger than 1 m in size. These attract significant attention of modern researchers because of the needs of sedimentary rock nomenclature development and interpretation of storm and tsunami signatures on seashores. If so, finding localities that exhibit coastal megaclast deposits is an important task. Field studies do not offer a quick solution, and, thus, remote sensing tools have to be addressed. The application of the Google Earth Engine has permitted to find four new localities, namely Hondarribia in northern Spain (Biscay Bay), the Ponza Island in Italy (Tyrrhenian Sea), the Wetar Island in eastern Indonesia (Banda Sea), and the Humboldt o Coredo Bay at the Colombia/Panama border (eastern Pacific). In these localities, coastal megaclast deposits consisting of blocks (1–10 m in size) and some megablocks (>10 m in size) are delineated and preliminary described in regard to the dominant size of particles, package density, mode of occurrence, etc. The limitations of such virtual surveys of coastal megaclast deposits are linked to an insufficiently high resolution of satellite images, as well as ‘masking’ effects of vegetation cover and cliff shadows. However, these limitations do not diminish the importance of the Google Earth Engine for finding these deposits. Consideration of some tourism-related information, including photos captured by tourists and bouldering catalogues, facilitates search for promising areas for subsequent virtual surveying of megaclast distribution. It is also established that the Google Earth Engine permits quantitative analysis of composition of coastal megaclast deposits in some areas, as well as to register decade-long dynamics or stability of these deposits, which is important to interpret their origin. The current opportunities for automatic detection of coastal megaclast deposits seem to be restricted.

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Section: Example 1: Hondarribia (Spain; Biscay Bay)supporting

confidence: 56%

Finding Coastal Megaclast Deposits: A Virtual Perspective

Ruban

2020

JMSE

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“…At the highest elevations, they are sourced mostly from the cliff edge, excavated and shoved over the lip by the highest‐reaching waves. In the case of low‐elevation ridges, material may be transported from the intertidal zone, sometimes across tens or even hundreds of metres; but many boulders are quarried from bedrock close to the ridges, and are deposited near their original locations (Cox et al ., ; Autret et al ., ; Herterich et al ., ).…”

Section: Introduction: Coastal Boulder Deposits As Archives Of Extremmentioning

confidence: 97%

Megagravel deposits on the west coast of Ireland show the impacts of severe storms

Cox

2020

Weather

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Graphical abstractCoastal boulder deposits on Inishmore, one of the Aran Islands off Ireland's west coast, showcase many of the classic features. Note the adult human for scale (in the yellow circle). The cliff‐collapse block in the foreground is the largest ever documented to be moved by storm waves. Weighing 620t, it was shifted several metres during the storms of 2013–2014. The platform on which it sits is 5m above high water, and the block is 30m inland. The cliff at this site is 9m high. The boulder ridges behind the figure on the cliff top are 11–15m above high water, and the front of the pile ranges from 45–64m inland. A number of the biggest blocks on the upper platform, which weigh several tens of tonnes, were also moved sideways during the 2013–2014 storms; and within the ridge, the pale grey colours show smaller (1–15t) boulders that were overturned. Drone photograph taken by Dr Eugene Farrell (NUI Galway). Used with permission.

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“…On the other hand, boulders are regarded as precious evidence of present and ancient rocky shore facies and extreme events (such as storms, tsunamis, hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones). This evidence has been examined by Autret et al [5], Bhatt et al [6], Biolchi et al [7], Cox et al [8][9][10], Dawson [11], Engel et al [12], Erdmann et al [13], Hearty and Tormey [14], Herterich et al [15], Hongo et al [16], Johnson et al [17,18], Kennedy et al [19], Kortekaas and Dawson [20], Lau et al [21], Olsen et al [22], Paris et al [23], Pepe et al [24], Scheffers et al [25], Schneider et al [26], Shah-Hosseini et al [27], Suanez et al [28], Terry and Goff [29], Terry et al [30], Trenhaile [31], Watanabe et al [32], and Weiss and Sheremet [33]. Most probably, the devastating catastrophes like the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami [34] and the 2011 Tohoku tsunami [35] have fueled the interest of researchers in coastal sedimentology and, particularly, large clasts [36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Consideration of the context of its usage in the journal articles permits outlining some characteristics of such a sedimentary formation. These include, particularly, accumulation of boulders distinguished by their large size and/or huge weight [9,10,17,18,[25][26][27], angularity with certain roundness [8], high-topography and inland occurrence [8,9,25,27], high-energy coastlines [5,8,15,17], and relevance to storm and tsunami activity [9,10,18,26,27]. It is notable that the previous works focused more on boulders individually rather than on entire deposits.…”

Section: Terminologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal Boulder Deposits of the Neogene World: A Synopsis

Ruban

2019

JMSE

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Modern geoscience research pays significant attention to Quaternary coastal boulder deposits, although the evidence from the earlier geologic periods can be of great importance. The undertaken compilation of the literature permits to indicate 21 articles devoted to such deposits of Neogene age. These are chiefly case studies. Such an insufficiency of investigations may be linked to poor preservation potential of coastal boulder deposits and methodological difficulties. Equal attention has been paid by geoscientists to Miocene and Pliocene deposits. Taking into account the much shorter duration of the Pliocene, an overemphasis of boulders of this age becomes evident. Hypothetically, this can be explained by more favorable conditions for boulder formation, including a larger number of hurricanes due to the Pliocene warming. Geographically, the studies of the Neogene coastal boulder deposits have been undertaken in different parts of the world, but generally in those locations where rocky shores occur nowadays. The relevance of these deposits to storms and tsunamis, rocky shores and deltas, gravity processes, and volcanism has been discussed; however, some other mechanisms of boulder production, transportation, and accumulation (e.g., linked to seismicity and weathering) have been missed.

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How does wave impact generate large boulders? Modelling hydraulic fracture of cliffs and shore platforms

Cited by 32 publications

References 74 publications

Finding Coastal Megaclast Deposits: A Virtual Perspective

Finding Coastal Megaclast Deposits: A Virtual Perspective

Megagravel deposits on the west coast of Ireland show the impacts of severe storms

Coastal Boulder Deposits of the Neogene World: A Synopsis

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