How Long Do Early Career Decisions Follow Women? The Impact of Employer History on the Gender Wage Gap

Monti, Holly; Stinson, Martha; Zehr, Lori

doi:10.1007/s12122-020-09300-9

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…A similar result was found based on the research using Australian data from the 2000swomen have lower returns from job mobility (Johnston and Lee, 2012). Career stage and human capital accumulation, along with the choice of job, are still important factors in the gender wage gap differential (Manning and Swaffield, 2008;Monti et al, 2020). There is evidence that women have the tendency to choose a workplace which provides "greater flexibility, job security or being close to home" (Redmond and Mcguinness, 2019).…”

Section: Theoretical Approaches and Their Empirical Applications To T...supporting

confidence: 65%

“…One group of studies claims that the gender wage gap rises from almost zero to significant numbers during the first 5-10 years of employment (Belley et al, 2015;Berloffa et al, 2019;Bertrand et al, 2010;Cukrowska-Torzewska and Lovasz, 2016;Del Bono and Vuri, 2011;Johnston and Lee, 2012;Manning and Swaffield, 2008;Monti et al, 2020;Pastore, 2010;Pastore et al, 2013;Redmond and Mcguinness, 2019). In the literature, we can find complex IJM 44,6 connections between the personal characteristics of women, such as age, marital status, number of children, job mobility and salary.…”

Section: Theoretical Approaches and Their Empirical Applications To T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is no consensus on the evolution of the gender wage gap. Despite rich empirical evidence that there is no gender wage gap in early career stages and that it appears later due to marital decisions and maternity leave (Bertrand et al, 2010;Manning and Swaffield, 2008;Monti et al, 2020;Pastore, 2010;Pastore et al, 2013;Redmond and Mcguinness, 2019), some studies (Kunze, 2003;Behr and Theune, 2018) show that gender differences in pay, even in early-career stages, are quite substantial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early career gender wage gaps among university graduates in Russia

Rudakov

Kiryushina

Figueiredo

et al. 2022

IJM

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PurposeThe aim of the research is to estimate the level of the early career gender wage gap in Russia, its evolution during the early stages of a career, gender segregation and discrimination among university graduates, and to identify factors which explain early career gender differences in pay. Special emphasis is placed on assessing the contribution of horizontal segregation (inequal gender distribution in fields of studies and industries of employment) to early-career gender inequality.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a comprehensive and nationally representative survey of university graduates, carried out by Russian Federal State Statistics Service in 2016 (VTR Rosstat). The authors use Mincer OLS regressions for the analysis of the determinants of gender differences in pay. To explain the factors which form the gender gap, the authors use the Oaxaca-Blinder and Neumark gender gap decompositions, including detailed wage gap decompositions and decompositions by fields of study. For the analysis of differences in gender gap across wage distribution, quantile regressions and quantile decompositions based on recentered influence functions (RIFs) are used.FindingsThe study found significant gender differences in the early-career salaries of university graduates. Regression analysis confirms the presence of a 20% early-career gender wage gap. This gender wage gap is to a great extent can be explained by horizontal segregation: women are concentrated in fields of study and industries which are relatively low paid. More than half of the gender gap remains unexplained. The analysis of the evolution of the gender wage gap shows that it appears right after graduation and increases over time. A quantile decomposition reveals that, in low paid jobs, females experience less gender inequality than in better paid jobs.Social implicationsThe analysis has some important policy implications. Previously, gender equality policies were mainly related to the elimination of gender discrimination at work, including positive discrimination programs in a selection of candidates to job openings and programs of promotion; programs which ease women labour force participation through flexible jobs; programs of human capital accumulation, which implied gender equality in access to higher education and encouraged women to get higher education, which was especially relevant for many developing countries. The analysis of Russia, a country with gender equality in access to higher education, shows that the early career gender gap exists right after graduation, and the main explanatory factor is gender segregation by field of study and industry, in other words, the gender wage gap to a high extent is related to self-selection of women in low-paid fields of study. To address this, new policies related to gender inequality in choice of fields of studies are needed.Originality/valueIt has been frequently stated that gender inequality appears either due to inequality in access to higher education or after maternity leave. Using large nationally representative dataset on university graduates, we show that gender equality in education does not necessarily lead to gender equality in the labour market. Unlike many studies, we show that the gender gap in Russia appears not after maternity leave and due to marital decisions of women, but in the earliest stages of their career, right after graduation, due to horizontal segregation (selection of women in relatively low-paid fields of study and consequently industries).

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Section: Theoretical Approaches and Their Empirical Applications To T...supporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Theoretical Approaches and Their Empirical Applications To T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early career gender wage gaps among university graduates in Russia

Rudakov

Kiryushina

Figueiredo

et al. 2022

IJM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We focus on gender inequality in earnings. To capture changes over time in the impact of children on gender inequality, we extend the baseline specification (1) to allow for year-specific coefficients on event time. Specifically, we consider the following specification:…”

Section: A Dynamic Decomposition Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children and Gender Inequality: Evidence from Denmark

Kleven

Landais

Søgaard

2019

American Economic Journal: Applied Economics

357

189

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Using Danish administrative data, we study the impacts of children on gender inequality in the labor market. The arrival of children creates a long-run gender gap in earnings of around 20 percent driven by hours worked, participation, and wage rates. We identify mechanisms driving these “child penalties” in terms of occupation, sector, and firm choices. We find that the fraction of gender inequality caused by child penalties has featured a dramatic increase over the last three to four decades. Finally, we show that child penalties are transmitted through generations, from parents to daughters, suggesting an influence of childhood environment on gender identity. (JEL D63, J13, J16, J22, J31, J71)

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“…The few studies focusing on the GPG over life course included either only determinants of the human capital model ( Joshi et al, 2020 ) or factors of occupational careers ( Moore, 2018 ). Some research included both aspects but had other disadvantages, such as Monti et al (2020) , who could not analyze temporal evolution of the GPG with the data available. Moreover, previous research on the GPG in Germany could not trace vertical occupational segregation due to missing information of part-time workers, included only data of West Germany and used merely accumulated earnings over time ( Boll et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gender Pay Gap: Income Inequality Over Life Course – A Multilevel Analysis

2021

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The gender pay gap has been observed for decades, and still exists. Due to a life course perspective, gender differences in income are analyzed over a period of 24 years. Therefore, this study aims to investigate income trajectories and the differences regarding men and women. Moreover, the study examines how human capital determinants, occupational positions and factors that accumulate disadvantages over time contribute to the explanation of the GPG in Germany. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the GPG over the life course. The data are based on the German cohort study lidA (living at work), which links survey data individually with employment register data. Based on social security data, the income of men and women over time are analyzed using a multilevel analysis. The results show that the GPG exists in Germany over the life course: men have a higher daily average income per year than women. In addition, the income developments of men rise more sharply than those of women over time. Moreover, even after controlling for factors potentially explaining the GPG like education, work experience, occupational status or unemployment episodes the GPG persists. Concluding, further research is required that covers additional factors like individual behavior or information about the labor market structure for a better understanding of the GPG.

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How Long Do Early Career Decisions Follow Women? The Impact of Employer History on the Gender Wage Gap

Cited by 4 publications

References 34 publications

Early career gender wage gaps among university graduates in Russia

Early career gender wage gaps among university graduates in Russia

Children and Gender Inequality: Evidence from Denmark

The Gender Pay Gap: Income Inequality Over Life Course – A Multilevel Analysis

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