How much is too much on monitoring tasks? Visual scan patterns of single air traffic controller performing multiple remote tower operations

Li, Wen‐Chin; Kearney, Peter; Braithwaite, Graham; Lin, John J.H.

doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2018.05.005

Cited by 42 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The development of new remote tower technology is designed to reduce ATCO's workload through augmented vision presented on OTW, RDP, and EFS. However, the added complexity of multiple tasks did create more cognitive loads to ATCOs to process huge volumes of information (Li et al, ; Wiener, ). Augmented visualization design of RTM allows ATCOs to change the size of the screen for selected airports, this innovative technology has significantly increased ATCO's task performance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human performance assessment of a single air traffic controller conducting multiple remote tower operations

Kearney¹,

Zhang

et al. 2019

Hum Ftrs & Erg Mfg Svc

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The innovative concept of multiple remote tower operations (MRTO) can maximize cost savings by applying video panorama‐based remote tower working positions, which can facilitate fewer air traffic controllers (ATCO) to provide the air traffic services (ATS) function for more airports. Five subject‐matter experts, qualified remote tower ATCOs, participated in this research work by applying the human error template (HET) and comparing workload between physical tower operations and MRTO using NASA‐TLX (Task Load Index). The results demonstrate that augmented visualization provided sufficient technical support for a single ATCO to perform tasks originally designed to be performed by four ATCOs, however, the demands of the associated multiple tasks induced significant workload. There were significant differences in ATCOs’ mental demand, temporal demand, effort, and frustration between MRTO and physical tower operations. This innovative technology may induce human–computer interaction (HCI) issues that impact ATCO's perceived workload. This creates a need for further research on how to manage ATCO's workload in a multiple remote tower environment. This research work provided scientific evidence that MRTO can achieve the objectives of Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research program. The findings can be applied to both ATCO training design and remote tower system design.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human performance assessment of a single air traffic controller conducting multiple remote tower operations

Kearney¹,

Zhang

et al. 2019

Hum Ftrs & Erg Mfg Svc

Self Cite

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“…This is a monocular eye-tracking setup with one eye camera and two glints, although Pupil Capture does not use glint information for gaze tracking. It was chosen because the Pupil-labs platform is a popular low-cost alternative to the Tobii and SMI eye-tracking setups, and it is increasingly used in head-worn eye-tracking studies (e.g., Li, Kearney, Braithwaite, & Lin, 2018;Lappi, Rinkkala, & Pekkanen, 2017;Zhao, Salesse, Marin, Gueugnon, & Bardy, 2017). Pupil-labs explicitly claims that their software compensates for eye-tracker slippage in 3D mode, 2 which is the default recording mode.…”

Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of slippage on the data quality of head-worn eye trackers

et al. 2020

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Mobile head-worn eye trackers allow researchers to record eye-movement data as participants freely move around and interact with their surroundings. However, participant behavior may cause the eye tracker to slip on the participant's head, potentially strongly affecting data quality. To investigate how this eye-tracker slippage affects data quality, we designed experiments in which participants mimic behaviors that can cause a mobile eye tracker to move. Specifically, we investigated data quality when participants speak, make facial expressions, and move the eye tracker. Four head-worn eye-tracking setups were used: (i) Tobii Pro Glasses 2 in 50 Hz mode, (ii) SMI Eye Tracking Glasses 2.0 60 Hz, (iii) Pupil-Labs' Pupil in 3D mode, and (iv) Pupil-Labs' Pupil with the Grip gaze estimation algorithm as implemented in the EyeRecToo software. Our results show that whereas gaze estimates of the Tobii and Grip remained stable when the eye tracker moved, the other systems exhibited significant errors (0.8-3.1 • increase in gaze deviation over baseline) even for the small amounts of glasses movement that occurred during the speech and facial expressions tasks. We conclude that some of the tested eye-tracking setups may not be suitable for investigating gaze behavior when high accuracy is required, such as during face-to-face interaction scenarios. We recommend that users of mobile head-worn eye trackers perform similar tests with their setups to become aware of its characteristics. This will enable researchers to design experiments that are robust to the limitations of their particular eye-tracking setup. Keywords Head-mounted eye tracking • Wearable eye tracking • Mobile eye tracking • Eye movements • Natural behavior • Data quality Diederick C. Niehorster and Thiago Santini contributed equally and should be considered co-first authors.

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“…The path of attention distribution can reveal the cognitive process of human‐computer interaction between human operators and systems (Allsop & Gray, ; Kearney, Li, & Lin, ). Therefore, a pilot's visual scan patterns on the displays can reveal human information processes and how the interface design impacts to performance (Goldberg & Kotval, ; Li, Kearney, Braithwaite, & Lin, ). B‐777 pilots did demonstrate higher SA on the cabin pressurization setting compared with B‐737 pilots due to the location of display fitted the principle of human‐centered design.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The path of attention distribution can reveal the cognitive process of humancomputer interaction between human operators and systems (Allsop & Gray, 2014;Kearney, Li, & Lin, 2016). Therefore, a pilot's visual scan patterns on the displays can reveal human information processes and how the interface design impacts to performance (Goldberg & Kotval, 1999;Li, Kearney, Braithwaite, & Lin, 2018).…”

Section: The Location Of Displays Impact On Pilot's Samentioning

confidence: 99%

Interface design on cabin pressurization system affecting pilot's situation awareness: The comparison between digital displays and pointed displays

Zakarija²,

et al. 2019

Hum Ftrs & Erg Mfg Svc

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The fundamental approach to improve pilots’ situation awareness (SA) would be to reorganize and restructure the presentation of information to fit pilot's cognitive model on the flight deck. This would facilitate pilots’ perception, understanding, and projection, hence making it easier to find the relevant targets. Sixty pilots (30 B‐737 pilots and 30 B‐777 pilots) participated in this study to investigate pilots’ SA while interacting with digital displays and moving pointed needle displays on cabin pressurization system. The results have shown significant differences on pilots’ perception, understanding, and overall SA between digital display and pointed display on the flight deck. Pilots significantly preferred the digital design cabin pressurization system, which is consistent with the proximity compatibility principle, and the position of the display on the center instrument panel is easily accessible to both pilots and does not require large head movements. There are some recommendations on the cabin pressurization design including the size of outflow valve position indicator, which should be significantly increased to provided saliency of information; color coding should be used on cabin altitude and differential pressure indicator to mark critical cabin altitude; and standard operating procedures shall include cabin altitude and differential pressure reading by pilot monitoring. The final and completed solution to the issues on the cabin pressurization system is to redesign the scattered pointed displays as integrated digital displays to fit the human‐centered principle.

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How much is too much on monitoring tasks? Visual scan patterns of single air traffic controller performing multiple remote tower operations

Cited by 42 publications

References 35 publications

Human performance assessment of a single air traffic controller conducting multiple remote tower operations

Human performance assessment of a single air traffic controller conducting multiple remote tower operations

The impact of slippage on the data quality of head-worn eye trackers

Interface design on cabin pressurization system affecting pilot's situation awareness: The comparison between digital displays and pointed displays

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