How neighborhood affects tree diameter increment – New insights from terrestrial laser scanning and some methodical considerations

A comprehensive but efficient framework of proposing and validating feature parameters from airborne LiDAR data for tree species classification

“…As regards to CI and TE parameters, they can better characterize local and global shapes, geometries, structures and morphologies of different tree species. However, they still suffer from the influences that may make tree structure representations deviate from their normal modes, and these factors include things such as tree competition (Seidel et al, 2015) and pest effects (Han et al, 2012). Such factors need to be taken into account for achieving reliable results of tree species classifications.…”

Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning in Vegetation Studies—A Review of Point Cloud and Waveform Features for Tree Species Classification

“…The crown shape differs according to tree species, local tree competition and growth age as well as treatment history [79,80]. For example, Scots pine trees tend towards a conical shape when young and a rounded and irregular shape as they mature [81].…”

Describing forest canopy gaps efficiently, accurately, and objectively: New prospects through the use of terrestrial laser scanning

“…The resulting polygons were used to calculate gap area (Brokaw, 1982) and expanded gap area (according to the definition of Runkle, 1982) with high resolution (cf. Seidel et al, 2015). For the purpose of this study we considered the manual delineation of gap edge-line from high resolution laser scanning data (∼1-3 cm resolution) the most accurate method currently available.…”