How regulatory issues surrounding new breeding technologies can impact smallholder farmer breeding: A case study from the Philippines

Abstract

The widespread use of patents on plants and plant parts in low-and middle-income countries demonstrates the increasing privatisation of crop genetic resources and potentially limits the use of these resources in farmer breeding, increasing the dependence of smallholder farmers on the private seed sector. Use of genetically modified traits in farmer breeding poses biosafety issues. Adaptation of patent legislation to the benefit of smallholder breeding and development of alternative seed sources from the public breeding sector could contain these negative impacts on farmer-breeder efforts and ultimately on food and nutrition security. Summary• This paper explores the potential impact of increased use of digital sequence information (DSI) through new breeding technologies (NBTs) and its associated patent and biosafety strategies and policies on smallholder agriculture and breeding in low-and middle-income countries.• We performed a case study in the southern Philippines, involving multiple field visits and interviews, where smallholder farmers deliberately and successfully incorporated a genetically modified, patent-protected trait into popular open-pollinated varieties (OPVs) of both yellow and white maize, resulting in the wide-spread dissemination of glyphosate-tolerant open-pollinated varieties (OPVs) called sige-sige.• The particular case poses a suite of questions regarding farmer producer health, biosafety and access to plant genetic resources protected by patent rights. Considering current trends, it is predicted that the rise of NBTs such as gene editing will lead to more patents on breeding processes and on gene-edited crop plants, including in low-and middle-income countries and emerging economies. Since in many jurisdictions NBTs may be regulated as genetic engineering processes and products, biosafety regulations and related management requirements need to be considered as well.• By recognising and supporting the breeding efforts of farmers, governments can tap into the potential for creating a wider portfolio of varieties that are better

Sweet Potato New Varieties Screening Based on Morphology, Pulp Color, Proximal Composition, and Total Dietary Fiber Content via Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis

“…Therefore, studies that aim to assess different demands required by agents that work with sweet potatoes are essential. This is crucial to support a joint action plan to improve future crops ( Labrada, 2009 ; De Jonge et al, 2021 ).…”