How the Big Bang End Up Inside a Black Hole

Abstract

The standard model of cosmology assumes that our Universe began 14 Gyrs (billion years) ago with a hot Big Bang expansion out of nothing. It can explain a vast range of different astrophysical data from a handful of free cosmological parameters. However successful this model is, we have no direct evidence or fundamental understanding of some key assumptions: low entropy start, Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy. Here we present a simpler and more physical explanation for the same observations that do not require such assumptions or new laws of Physics. It is based on the evidence that we live inside a Black Hole (BH) of mass $ M \simeq 5 \times 10^{22} M_{\odot}$, which we observed as cosmic acceleration. How did the Big Bang end up inside such a BH? We propose that 25 Gyrs ago, a very low density cloud with this mass collapsed and form a BH. The collapse continued inside until it reached neutron energy densities (GeV) over solar mass ($M_{\odot}$) causal regions that exploded, like supernovae, producing a bounce and the Big Bang expansion. During collapse, perturbations exit the horizon to re-enter during expansion, given rise to the observed universe. We review the theoretical and observational evidence for such BH Universe.

The Cosmological Constant as Event Horizon

“…The observed cosmic acceleration directly implies that the FLRW metric has an Event Horizon r S = r Λ in Equation (11), which agrees well with the BHU idea [15,16]. Moreover, the measured cosmic density ρ and expansion rate also match well those of a BH with r S = r Λ = 2GM and BH density ρ = 3r −2 S /(8πG).…”

“…For a nulllike geodesic (adχ = dτ), V 0 = 1. This shows that a solution for R(τ) exists for any content inside R. Israel junction conditions [36] for continuity of the metric and their derivative (the extrinsic curvature) are fulfilled for Equation ( 14) with no surface terms (see [15,16]). Note that for R < r S (i.e., inside the BH), Equation (14) indicates that there is a region with no matter, r S > r > R, and a region with matter outside the Hubble horizon, R > r > r H .…”

“…This could be related to the so-called CMB anomalies (i.e., apparent deviations with respect to simple predictions from Λ Cold Dark Matter, see [7,42,43] and references therein), or the apparent tensions in measurements from vastly different cosmic scales or times (e.g., [19,20,44,45]). This requires further investigation that will be presented in a separate publication [16].…”

“…This should lead to a bounce, either because of supernova explosion or because of the elasticity of the neutron density [17]. This Big Bounce generates a hot Big Bang, similar to the bouncing of a ball on the floor [16].…”

“…There is no need for ad hoc matter creation to reconcile the observed cosmic expansion with Λ. The frame duality [15,16]:…”