How the Big Bang Ends Up Inside a Black Hole

Abstract

The standard model of cosmology assumes that our Universe began 14 Gyrs (billion years) ago from a singular Big Bang creation. This can explain a vast range of different astrophysical data from a handful of free cosmological parameters. However, we have no direct evidence or fundamental understanding of some key assumptions: Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy. Here we review the idea that cosmic expansion originates instead from gravitational collapse and bounce. The collapse generates a Black Hole (BH) of mass M≃5×1022M⊙ that formed 25 Gyrs ago. As there is no pressure support, the cold collapse can continue inside in free fall until it reaches atomic nuclear saturation (GeV), when is halted by Quantum Mechanics, as two particles cannot occupy the same quantum state. The collapse then bounces like a core-collapse supernovae, producing the Big Bang expansion. Cosmic acceleration results from the BH event horizon. During collapse, perturbations exit the horizon to re-enter during expansion, giving rise to the observed universe without the need for Inflation or Dark Energy. Using Ockham’s razor, this makes the BH Universe (BHU) model more compelling than the standard singular Big Bang creation.

Before the Big Bang: the Apollonian Universe

“…The BHU model corresponds to a simple exact solution to GR of a non static uniform collapsing or expanding spherical star [7,12] that also has a corresponding Newtonian solution when we account for a finite speed of light [9,13]. We argue that this BHU model matches well the observed universe for a comoving observer like us.…”

“…Further work is needed to understand the details of such a Big Bounce: to estimate the perturbations, composition, and fraction of compact and diffuse remnants that resulted from the bounce. This could explain from first principles some of the free parameters in the ΛCDM model, as shown in Table 1 of [9] and described in §3.…”

“…In GR this is equivalent to matching the SW metric (Φ = −GM/R in Eq.1) to the FLRW (or de-Sitter metric in Eq,8). Using Israel conditions [61], one can show [7,9] that the physical radius coordinate R of the FLRW cloud follows the same Eq.12 as in the Newtonian solution.…”

“…Despite these shortfalls, the ΛCDM model seems very successful in explaining most observations by fitting just a handful of free cosmological parameters, such as H 0 and Ω m . We propose a new cosmological model, the Black Hole Universe (BHU) [7][8][9], based on well established physical concepts that can explain the same observations without the need of introducing such exotic ingredients. Recent observations show discrepancies or tensions with ΛCDM prediction in the measurements of cosmological parameters from different time-scales (see [10] for an extended review).…”

“…We argue that this BHU model matches well the observed universe for a comoving observer like us. To avoid repetition of previous papers [7,9] but provide a comprehensive review, here we combine Newtonian and GR arguments to further clarify some points of the model. It should be noted that for the Newtonian approach we use the same coordinates as in the GR solution, but to address some of this questions more carefully we should refer to events that are coordinate independent.…”