“…To combat the shortage of mental health professionals, technology, including mobile health apps and chatbots, is being employed ( Lucas et al, 2017 ; Inkster et al, 2018 ; Seiferth et al, 2023 ; Smith et al, 2023 ). A chatbot is a system that is able to converse and interact with human users using spoken, written, and visual languages ( Vaidyam et al, 2019 ; Kumar et al, 2016 ).…”