How to Evaluate COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness—An Examination of Antibody Production and T-Cell Response

Fu, Yi-Chen; Su, Ying-Shih; Shen, Ching‐Fen; Cheng, Chao‐Min

doi:10.3390/diagnostics12061401

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 20 publications

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“…Both assays evaluated the same immune response but have different nuances. ELISpot is performed with PBMC and measures interferon-producing cells after a stimulus, while the QTF-SARS-COV-2 measures serum interferon production after a stimulus [ 31 ]. Another aspect to consider is that Lledó et al included a small number of patients treated with TNFi and rituximab (10 and 4 patients, respectively).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with inflammatory immune-mediated diseases receiving immunosuppressive treatment

Plasencia-Rodríguez,

Martínez-Feito,

Hernández

et al. 2023

Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol

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Background Real world data on the response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients with immunomediated diseases (IMIDs) treated with immunesuppressants is of great interest because vaccine response may be impaired. The main aim was to study the humoral and cellular immune response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with IMIDs treated with immunosuppressants. The secondary aim was to describe the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infections after vaccination in these patients. Material and methods This is an observational study including 86 patients with IMIDs. All patients were treated with biologic or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs [b/tsDMARDs: TNF inhibitors (TNFi), rituximab, anti-interleukin 6 receptor (anti-IL6R) or JAK inhibitors (JAKi)]. Demographic and clinical information were collected. After 4–6 weeks of 2nd and 3rd vaccine doses, humoral response was assessed using the Thermo Scientific ELiA SARS-CoV-2-Sp1 IgG Test. Also, in patients with serum SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels under 100UI/ml, cellular response was analyzed using the QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 Starter Pack. Results A total of 86 patients under b/tsDMARDs and 38 healthy controls were included. Most patients received TNFi (45 with TNFi, 31 with rituximab, 5 with anti-IL6R and 5 with JAKi). SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (Ab) were present in an 86% of patients with IMIDs and in 100% healthy controls (p = 0.017). However, 12 (14%) patients had undetectable SARS-CoV-2 Ab levels, all treated with rituximab. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 Ab (IU/ml) were statistically lower in patients (Mdn (IQR): 59.5 (17–163) in patients vs 625 (405–932) in controls, p < 0.001). Patients treated with rituximab had lower Ab levels than those treated with TNFi and controls (p < 0.001). The cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was evaluated in 30 patients. Eleven patients had a positive cellular response, being more frequent in patients treated with rituximab (p = 0.03). SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in 43% of patients and 34% of controls after vaccination. Only 6 (7%) patients required hospitalization, most of whom treated with rituximab (67%). Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels were lower in patients than in controls, especially in patients treated with rituximab. A cellular response can be detected despite having a poor humoral response. Severe infections in vaccinated patients with IMIDs are rare, and are observed mainly in patients treated with rituximab.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with inflammatory immune-mediated diseases receiving immunosuppressive treatment

Plasencia-Rodríguez,

Martínez-Feito,

Hernández

et al. 2023

Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol

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Use of Immunoglobulin Y Antibodies: Biosensor-based Diagnostic Systems and Prophylactic and Therapeutic Drug Delivery Systems for Viral Respiratory Diseases

Budama-Kilinc,

Kurtur,

Gok

et al. 2024

CTMC

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Abstract:: Respiratory viruses have caused many pandemics from past to present and are among the top global public health problems due to their rate of spread. The recently experienced COVID-19 pandemic has led to an understanding of the importance of rapid diagnostic tests to prevent epidemics and the difficulties of developing new vaccines. On the other hand, the emergence of resistance to existing antiviral drugs during the treatment process poses a major problem for society and global health systems. Therefore, there is a need for new approaches for the diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of existing or new types of respiratory viruses. Immunoglobulin Y antibodies (IgYs) obtained from the yolk of poultry eggs have significant advantages, such as high production volumes, low production costs, and high selectivity, which enable the development of innovative and strategic products. Especially in diagnosing respiratory viruses, antibody-based biosensors in which these antibodies are integrated have the potential to provide superiority in making rapid and accurate diagnosis as a practical diagnostic tool. This review article aims to provide information on using IgY antibodies in diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic applications for respiratory viruses and to provide a perspective for future innovative applications.

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How to Evaluate COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness—An Examination of Antibody Production and T-Cell Response

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on individuals, societies, and economies worldwide and has resulted in a significant loss of life worldwide [...]

Cited by 2 publications

References 20 publications

Immune response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with inflammatory immune-mediated diseases receiving immunosuppressive treatment

Immune response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with inflammatory immune-mediated diseases receiving immunosuppressive treatment

Use of Immunoglobulin Y Antibodies: Biosensor-based Diagnostic Systems and Prophylactic and Therapeutic Drug Delivery Systems for Viral Respiratory Diseases

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