How to manage without a Y chromosome

Schartl, Manfred; Lamatsch, Dunja K.

doi:10.1073/pnas.2218839120

Cited by 6 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Under these two norms, the equilibrium distribution φ * (p) looks unimodal, and its position is at p = 0.5 for L6 ("Stern-Judging"), and lower than that for L8. Note that this result for L6 has already been known in previous literature [47,49,51,53]. In short, these two norms fail to sustain individuals with a high goodness in the equilibrium population.…”

Section: Analysis Of Reputation Structure a Mathematical Frameworksupporting

confidence: 80%

“…The third highest peak is slightly left to the first peak, the fourth peak is slightly right to the second one, and so on. This behavior, that is, where peaks exist, has already been observed for L3 ("Simple standing") in our previous study [53], where we developed its analytical treatment. In short, under these four norms, most of the individuals in the population keep very high goodness in spite of errors.…”

Section: Analysis Of Reputation Structure a Mathematical Frameworksupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Thus, the reputation structure in the whole population is described by two-dimensional information of who evaluates whom, and how. In a binary reputation case where evaluation is either good or bad, we have a matrix whose elements are good or bad, which is called an image matrix [47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. Given that assessment errors occur independently in individuals, this image matrix becomes very complex.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, cooperation is maintained if we additionally introduce somewhat special settings such as empathy, generosity, or spatial structure [55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]. Although the recent study [53] has theoretically shown that one of the leading eight norms (called "L3" or "Simple Standing") can be evolutionarily stable whereas another one (called "L6" or "Stern Judging") is not, the remaining six of the leading eight norms have yet to be analytically studied. This is partly because these six norms assign reputations to individuals in a more complex manner than the other two [53], which hindered analytical treatments of those social norms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the recent study [53] has theoretically shown that one of the leading eight norms (called "L3" or "Simple Standing") can be evolutionarily stable whereas another one (called "L6" or "Stern Judging") is not, the remaining six of the leading eight norms have yet to be analytically studied. This is partly because these six norms assign reputations to individuals in a more complex manner than the other two [53], which hindered analytical treatments of those social norms. Therefore, we still do not have a whole picture of which of the leading eight social norms can maintain evolutionarily stable cooperation under private assessment in the presence of errors [4,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Evolutionary stability of cooperation in indirect reciprocity under noisy and private assessment

Fujimoto

Ohtsuki

2023

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Indirect reciprocity is a mechanism that explains large-scale cooperation in humans. In indirect reciprocity, individuals use reputations to choose whether or not to cooperate with a partner and update others’ reputations. A major question is how the rules to choose their actions and the rules to update reputations evolve. In the public reputation case where all individuals share the evaluation of others, social norms called Simple Standing (SS) and Stern Judging (SJ) have been known to maintain cooperation. However, in the case of private assessment where individuals independently evaluate others, the mechanism of maintenance of cooperation is still largely unknown. This study theoretically shows for the first time that cooperation by indirect reciprocity can be evolutionarily stable under private assessment. Specifically, we find that SS can be stable, but SJ can never be. This is intuitive because SS can correct interpersonal discrepancies in reputations through its simplicity. On the other hand, SJ is too complicated to avoid an accumulation of errors, which leads to the collapse of cooperation. We conclude that moderate simplicity is a key to stable cooperation under the private assessment. Our result provides a theoretical basis for the evolution of human cooperation.

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Section: Analysis Of Reputation Structure a Mathematical Frameworksupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Analysis Of Reputation Structure a Mathematical Frameworksupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Evolutionary stability of cooperation in indirect reciprocity under noisy and private assessment

Fujimoto

Ohtsuki

2023

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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3D porous cementitious electrolytes with “stream-reservoir” ionic channels for high multifunctional performance structural supercapacitors

Shi,

Zhang

2024

J. Mater. Chem. A

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Y chromosome shredding inAnopheles gambiae: insight into the cellular dynamics of a novel synthetic sex ratio distorter

Vitale,

Kranjc,

Leigh

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Despite efforts to explore the genome of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, the Y chromosome of this species remains enigmatic. The large number of repetitive and heterochromatic DNA sequences makes the Y chromosome exceptionally difficult to fully assemble, hampering the progress of gene editing techniques and functional studies for this chromosome. In this study, we made use of a bioinformatic platform to identify Y-specific repetitive DNA sequences that served as a target site for a CRISPR/Cas9 system. The activity of Cas9 in the reproductive organs of males caused damage to Y-bearing sperm without affecting their fertility, leading to a strong female bias in the progeny. Cytological investigation allowed us to identify meiotic defects and investigate sperm selection in this new synthetic sex ratio distorter system. In addition, alternative promoters enable us to target the Y chromosome in specific tissues and developmental stages of male mosquitoes, enabling studies that shed light on the role of this chromosome in male gametogenesis. This work paves the way for further insight into the poorly characterised Y chromosome of Anopheles gambiae. Moreover, the sex distorter strain we have generated promises to be a valuable tool for the advancement of studies in the field of developmental biology, with the potential to support the progress of genetic strategies aimed at controlling malaria mosquitoes and other pest species.

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How to manage without a Y chromosome

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Evolutionary stability of cooperation in indirect reciprocity under noisy and private assessment

Evolutionary stability of cooperation in indirect reciprocity under noisy and private assessment

3D porous cementitious electrolytes with “stream-reservoir” ionic channels for high multifunctional performance structural supercapacitors

Y chromosome shredding inAnopheles gambiae: insight into the cellular dynamics of a novel synthetic sex ratio distorter

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