How to Plant Apple Trees to Reduce Replant Disease in Apple Orchard: A Study on the Phenolic Acid of the Replanted Apple Orchard

Yin, Chengmiao; Li, Xiang; Wang, Gongshuai; Wang, Yanfang; Shen, Xiang; Chen, Xuesen

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167347

Cited by 42 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…benzoic acid and phlorizin, are present in significantly higher concentrations in the soil [9]. As showed by Nicola et al [10] the concentration of total phenolics negatively correlated with the growth of the apple seedlings and were considered to be the cause of ARD [9]. However, a reduction of the typical symptoms of ARD was observed in studies where gamma-radiation, heating or broad spectrum fumigants had previously been applied to diseased soils, providing a strong evidence for the role of biotic factors on the emergence of the disease [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced microbial potential for the degradation of phenolic compounds in the rhizosphere of apple plantlets grown in soils affected by replant disease

Radl

Winkler

Kublik

et al. 2019

Environmental Microbiome

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Background: Apple replant disease (ARD) is a syndrome that occurs in areas where apple plants or closely related species have been previously cultivated. Even though ARD is a well-known phenomenon, which has been observed in different regions worldwide and occurs independent of the soil type, its causes still remain unclear. Results: As expected, the biomass of plants grown in replant soil was significantly lower compared to those grown in control (virgin) soil. A shotgun metagenome analysis showed a clear differentiation between the rhizosphere and bulk soil compartments independent from the soil used. However, significant differences associated with apple replant disease were only observed in the rhizosphere compartment, for which we detected changes in the abundance of major bacterial genera. Interestingly, reads assigned to Actinobacteria were significantly reduced in relative abundance in rhizosphere samples of the soil affected by replant disease. Even though reads assigned to pathogenic fungi were detected, their relative abundance was low and did not differ significantly between the two different soils. Differences in microbiome structure also resulted in shifts in functional pattern. We observed an increase in genes related to stress sensing in the rhizosphere of soils affected by replant disease, whereas genes linked to nutrient sensing and uptake dominated in control soils. Moreover, we observed a lower abundance of genes coding for enzymes which trigger the degradation of aromatic compounds in rhizosphere of soils affected by replant disease, which is probably connected with higher concentration of phenolic compounds, generally associated with disease progression. Conclusions: Our study shows, for the first time, how apple replanting affects soil functioning by altering the soil microbiome. Particularly, the decrease in the abundance of genes which code for enzymes catalyzing the degradation of aromatic compounds, observed in the rhizosphere of plants grown in soil affected by apple replant disease, is of interest. Apple rootstocks are known to synthetize many phenolic compounds, including defense related phytoalexins, which have been considered for long to be connected with the emergence of replant disease. The knowledge gained in this study might help to develop targeted strategies to overcome or at least reduce the effects of ARD symptoms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced microbial potential for the degradation of phenolic compounds in the rhizosphere of apple plantlets grown in soils affected by replant disease

Radl

Winkler

Kublik

et al. 2019

Environmental Microbiome

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“…The accumulation of phenolic compounds as antioxidants in roots and shoots under ARD, points to oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species) (Henfrey et al, 2015), and may be a consequence of plant damage from ARD induced plant secondary metabolites. Changes in patterns of phenolic compounds, like phloridzin and phloretin, benzoic acid and rutin (Börner, 1959;Hofmann et al, 2009;Yin et al, 2016Yin et al, , 2017Leisso et al, 2017) could be the result or reason of ARD.…”

Section: Plant Reactions To Ardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apple Replant Disease: Causes and Mitigation Strategies

Winkelmann¹,

Smalla²,

Amelung³

et al. 2019

Current Issues in Molecular Biology

107

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“…These consequences can include changes in key soil factors that influence the equilibrium of that ecosystem and lead to concomitant readjustments in the biochemical relationships among those biological subsystems, which then culminate in ARD for the plant host . Those factors can be linked to primary soil properties (eg, pH, organic matter, moisture levels, and the availability of N, K, and P) as well as key phenolic acids (eg, phlorizin, benzoic acid, and vanillic aldehyde) that combine to promote the development of ARD etiology in a replanted apple orchard . Putative causal pathogens are soil‐borne fungi, bacteria, nematodes, actinobacteria, and oomycetes, all found in site‐specific combinations .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mitigation effects of exogenous melatonin on replant disease in apple

Zhao

Gao

et al. 2018

Journal of Pineal Research

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Melatonin mediates many physiological processes in plants. The problem of apple replant disease is unsolved. Our study objectives were to evaluate the regulatory effect of melatonin on plant resistance to this challenge and investigate the preliminary mechanism by which melatonin helps alleviate the effects of this disease. Two-year-old trees of "Fuji" apple (Malus domestica), grafted onto rootstock M.26, were grown in "replant" soil for 6 months in the absence or presence of a 200 μmol/L melatonin supplement. The addition of melatonin to the soil significantly increased the rates of plant growth and net photosynthesis and chlorophyll concentrations under replant conditions. This molecule elevated the levels of K in leaves and roots and enhanced the activity of soil enzymes. Such supplementation also changed the composition of the bacterial and fungal communities in the soil. We concluded that the application of melatonin to a replant soil can protect their chloroplasts from oxidative damage and release the apple root from membrane damage, and also lead to increased soil enzyme activity and soil quality while altering the composition of bacterial and fungal communities. These changes can then promote seedling growth, stimulate photosynthesis, and elevate K levels, thereby alleviating the effects of apple replant disease.

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How to Plant Apple Trees to Reduce Replant Disease in Apple Orchard: A Study on the Phenolic Acid of the Replanted Apple Orchard

Cited by 42 publications

References 20 publications

Reduced microbial potential for the degradation of phenolic compounds in the rhizosphere of apple plantlets grown in soils affected by replant disease

Reduced microbial potential for the degradation of phenolic compounds in the rhizosphere of apple plantlets grown in soils affected by replant disease

Apple Replant Disease: Causes and Mitigation Strategies

The mitigation effects of exogenous melatonin on replant disease in apple

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