HSP70 as a Biomarker: an Excellent Tool in Environmental Contamination Analysis—a Review

Abstract

HSP70 are the most studied proteins and among all HSPs are highlighted due to their high sensitivity and abundance, as well as being ubiquitously expressed and associated with all subcellular compartments. For this reason, this work specifically approaches HSP70, since its multiple responsibilities actively participate in the homeostasis of all living organisms and its rapid response to any agent stressor is efficient in assessing environmental pollution/contamination processes. HSP70, heat shock proteins thus classified according to their molecular weight of 70 kDa, are proteins that have maintained their structures conserved from the most primitive to the most complex organisms. They belong to the chaperone family, which comprises proteins with different structures that share a common function. In general, they participate in the process of correct folding of proteins; however, it has been described that they also participate in numerous complex processes of metabolism; its synthesis can usually be increased or decreased under stressful conditions. The classical activation of this protein is due to the increase in environmental temperature, but several factors can trigger the gene expression process of this protein, not only as the increase or decrease of heat or cold, but also the exposure to substances of a chemical nature, physical or biological (metals, metabolism inhibitors, chemotherapeutic agents, inflammatory and infectious processes, processes leading to cell death, the cycle of cell division itself and growth factors, cellular mechanisms considered normal). Given the broad repercussion of these proteins in metabolic processes and in organism physiology, numerous studies have evaluated the HSP70 production under adverse conditions, highlighting their connection to pollution and environmental contamination. Hence, this work aimed to literature review the vast array of HSP70 metabolic functions and its possible applications as biomarkers in the evaluation of contaminated environments by compiling the different physiological responses observed in various animal groups exposed to different conditions.

Heat Shock Proteins in Oxidative Stress and Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Benefits from Physical Exercises: A Review to the Current Knowledge

“…The function of HSP in maintaining the oxidative-antioxidant balance seems to be multidirectional. Nowadays, the effect of HSP on OS has been considered in the aspect of cellular homeostasis [ 40 ], atherosclerosis/oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoproteins) [ 41 ], pollution [ 42 ], hearing loss [ 43 ], and many others. Interestingly, HSPs have been reported to work hand in hand with the antioxidant system to inhibit or neutralize the cellular effects of ROS [ 44 ].…”

Assessment of genetic markers for multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Fasciola isolates from Iran

“…HSP70 , a protein with a molecular weight of 70 kDa, is a suitable biomarker for environmental contamination monitoring, and drug resistance (Fuqua et al., 1994 ; Moreira‐de‐Sousa et al., 2018 ). It has also been successfully amplified and employed as a DNA marker for molecular investigations of Onchocerca fasciata and some protozoa such as Giardia , Cryptosporidium and Leishmania (Mirzaei et al., 2018 ; Nemati et al., 2017 ; Squire & Ryan, 2017 ).…”

“…The constructed phylogenetic tree inferred by each of the individual gene sequences of Fasciola isolates is shown in Supplementary Figure S1a-e resistance (Fuqua et al, 1994;Moreira-de-Sousa et al, 2018). It has also been successfully amplified and employed as a DNA marker for molecular investigations of Onchocerca fasciata and some protozoa such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Leishmania (Mirzaei et al, 2018;Nemati et al, 2017;Squire & Ryan, 2017).…”

Forcing the Antitumor Effects of HSPs Using a Modulated Electric Field

“…The effects of the stress proteins were recognized early on in immunology [ 36 ] and have become a popular topic in the emerging field of immuno-oncology [ 37 ]. Furthermore, the use of HSPs as biomarkers of environmental analyses [ 38 ], prognoses [ 39 ], immune surveillance [ 12 ], and as therapeutic targets in malignant [ 40 , 41 ] and other diseases [ 42 ], is rapidly expanding.…”