HT-2 toxin, roridin A, T-2 toxin, and verrucarin A mycotoxins inhibit carbon dioxide production by <i>Kluyveromyces marxianus</i>

Koshinsky, Heather; Hannan, Patrick J.; Khachatourians, George G.

doi:10.1139/m91-161

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Thus, when in a combination with a toxin able to inhibit growth (T‐2 toxin), even although in a concentration that alone would not affect the growth, it can cause augmentation of the inhibitory effect observed. This is in agreement with the findings of Koshinsky et al . (1991) in their study of the effects of T‐2 toxin and roridin A on carbon dioxide production by K. marxianus .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

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The effect of combinations of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisin B1) on growth of brewing yeasts

et al. 2000

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The interactive effect of combinations of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ) on growth of brewing yeasts was examined. Yeast growth was assessed by measurement of dry weight or relative growth, cell number, viability and conductance change of the growth medium using direct and indirect methods. The interactive effect of a combination of these mycotoxins was subject to the ratio of toxins in the mixture and the toxicity of individual toxins on yeast growth. When a combination of mycotoxins at low concentration was added into the growth medium, no significant inhibitory effect on growth was observed compared to controls. However, when a combination of high concentrations of DON and ZEA which individually inhibited yeast growth was examined, the interactive effect was shown to pass from antagonism to synergism depending on the ratio of the toxins in the mixture. As a synergistic interaction between these Fusarium mycotoxins was observed only at high concentrations, which were far higher than would be expected in good quality grain, they are not a concern when related to yeast growth under the brewing conditions studied.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…Little information on the effects caused by a combination of mycotoxins on yeast growth has been published. Koshinsky et al . (1991) demonstrated that a mixture of the trichothecenes T‐2 and roridin A interacted synergistically to inhibit the release rate of CO 2 by K. marxianus at concentrations that the individual toxins did not alter CO 2 release.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of combinations of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisin B1) on growth of brewing yeasts

et al. 2000

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“…Towards this end, several unicellular assay systems have been developed to monitor the action of mycotoxins [Buckle and Sanders, 1990;Khachatourians et al, 19891. We have used Kluyveromyces marxianus as a model to develop techniques for studying the action of mycotoxins [Schappert and Khachatourians, 19841 and investigate the interaction between binary mixture of mycotoxins [Koshinsky et al, 1991;Koshinsky and Khachatourians, 1992a,b] toxin and HT-2, or deoxynivalenol (DON), or T2-401, as well as DON and nivalenol using another isolate of K . marxianus in an in vitro bioassay.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From this perspective we must include the interactions of mycotoxins [Hesseltine, 1986;Koshinsky and Khachatourians, 19941. Analysis of trichothecene combinations effects in yeast cell bioassays, pioneered by our group [Koshinsky et al, 1991;Koshinsky and Khachatourians, 1992a,b] and extended by Madhyastha et al [1994], have led to new insights on structure-activity correlationships and how mycotoxin combinations interact with cellular targets. We have defined a new term, maximally quiescent ratio (MQR), which is the combination of two compounds at which there is the least variation and lowest intensity in their cellulareffects [Koshinsky and Khachatourians, 1992al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although common occurrence of these toxins under Canadian conditions have not been reported, both toxins naturally occur in biotic and abiotic environments [Desjardins, 1992;Scott, 19891. When growth of or carbon dioxide release rate by K. marxianus are measured, T-2 toxin is more toxic than diacetoxyscirpenol or HT-2 toxin but less toxin than vermcarin A or roridin A [Koshinsky et al, 1991;Schappert et al, 19861. If growth inhibition of K .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of T‐2 toxin and verrucarin A in combination on Kluyveromyces marxianus

1995

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The growth inhibitory effects of combinations of T-2 toxin and verrucarin A on the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus was studied. A combination index value was derived to indicate the type of interaction that existed between the binary mixture of these two toxins at various ratios and the target yeast cells. The type of interaction was dependent on the ratio of the toxins used to attain a particular level of growth inhibition. Further, the least change in the type and intensity of interaction or the maximally quiescent ratio (MQR) was found to be unique to the growth medium. In a rich medium, the MQR was 1.0 microgram/ml T-2 toxin:0.75 microgram/ml verrucarin A, where the two toxins had a very stable synergistic interaction over a 2 or 3 log value concentration range. Decreasing the nutrients changed the MQR to 1.0 micrograms/ml T-2 toxin:0.38 microgram/ml verrucarin A. Halving the concentration of the cells in the assay changed the MQR to 1.0 microgram/ml T-2 toxin:6.0 micrograms/ml verrucarin A. We have previously shown that the hierarchy of trichothecene toxicity in yeast bioassay is verrucarin A > roridin A > T-2 toxin > diacetoxyscirpenol > HT-2 toxin. The MQR of these toxins in combination with T-2 toxin follows the same order. This study shows an exception to the above order in that verrucarin A and roridin A exchange places.

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Trichothecene synergism, additivity, and antagonism: The significance of the maximally quiescent ratio

Koshinsky

Khachatourians

1992

Natural Toxins

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The interactive effect of the combinations of trichothecene mycotoxins often found in fungus infected plants, contaminated grain, and other biological systems is poorly understood. Growth inhibition of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus was used to measure the effects of HT-2 toxin, roridin A, and T-2 toxin as individual toxins or as binary mixtures. A value, the combination index, was derived which indicates the interactive effects of a binary mixture of toxins. The interaction is affected by the ratio of the individual toxins, and the percent inhibition of yeast growth. Generally the interaction of T-2 toxin and roridin A or T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin changes from antagonistic when they cause a low percent inhibition of yeast growth to synergistic when they cause a high percent inhibition of yeast growth. Additionally, any two trichothecenes have a unique ratio, which we name the maximally quiescent ratio (or MQR), where there is the least change in the type and intensity of their interaction. The maximally quiescent ratio in this case has helped to define the nature of toxin interactions and could be used to provide insights into hormone, immune system, developmental, enzyme, and gene regulation, combined drug therapy, and the action of mixtures of natural or synthetic toxins, carcinogens, pesticides, and environmental pollutants.

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HT-2 toxin, roridin A, T-2 toxin, and verrucarin A mycotoxins inhibit carbon dioxide production by Kluyveromyces marxianus

Cited by 7 publications

References 30 publications

The effect of combinations of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisin B1) on growth of brewing yeasts

The effect of combinations of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisin B1) on growth of brewing yeasts

Effect of T‐2 toxin and verrucarin A in combination on Kluyveromyces marxianus

Trichothecene synergism, additivity, and antagonism: The significance of the maximally quiescent ratio

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