Human Amniotic Membrane Extract as an Antimicrobial Biomaterial Against Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacillus Acidophilus in Management of Deep Dentinal Caries

Abstract

Dental caries comprises of highly complex, variable and uncultivable microbial population with dental caries, even though prime organisms are commonly known to be allied with disease succession. Association of mutans group Streptococci and Lactobacilli with the initiation of caries and early caries development have been well documented. Studies have shown transition of early caries causing gram-positive primary facultative bacteria to anaerobic gram-positive rods and cocci and gram-negative rods as the lesion progresses to deep carious lesion. The permeation of microorganisms into the soft dentine maintains the acidity and consequently jeopardizes the pulp vitality. Excavation of soft dentin will further lead to pulp exposure, and therefore it is imperious to preserve the pulp vitality by a thorough and conservative approach with the use of efficacious unguents instead of resorting to endodontic therapy. Commonly used material in view of pulp preservation is Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), a calcium silicate based material that has been widely used in treatment of deep dentinal caries, including root-end filling, direct pulp capping, and regenerative endodontic procedures because of its resourceful properties like antibacterial activity, anti-inflammation, biocompatibility and osteo/odontogenicity. Previous studies have shown pronounced anti-bacterial efficiency of MTA against Lactobacillus acidophilus (LB).

Osteochondral regeneration in rabbit using xenograft decellularized ECM in combination with different biological products; platelet‐rich fibrin, amniotic membrane extract, and mesenchymal stromal cells

“…[19][20][21] Amnion or amniotic membrane (AM) is the most inferior layer of the placenta. 20 AM (I) possess anti-inflammatory effect through the production of various antiinflammatory agents, 22 (II) inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) and IL-1β, (III) leads to produce natural matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPI's), 23,24 (IV) antibacterial activity due to the expression of natural antimicrobial molecules such as beta-defensins and peptidases, [25][26][27] (V) low antigenic properties due to the non-expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC1), 28 (VI) containing growth factors such as EGF, bFGF, TGF-β, VEGF, PDGF, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) 29 as well as bioactive agents like types of collagen, fibronectin, laminin, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans that stimulate cell growth. 30,31 The objective of this study was to prepare decellularized OC scaffolds of sheep followed by xenograft implantation into a rabbit model with an OC defect.…”