Human and animal enteric virus in groundwater from deep wells, and recreational and network water

Abstract

This study was designed to assess the presence of human adenovirus (HAdV), rotavirus-A (RVA), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2) in groundwater from deep wells, and recreational and network waters. The water samples were collected and concentrated and the virus genomes were assessed and quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Infectious HAdV was evaluated in groundwater and network water samples by integrated cell culture using transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) (ICC-RT-qPCR). In recreational water samples, HAdV was detected in 100 % (6/6), HAV in 66.6 % (4/6), and RVA in 66.6 % (4/6). In network water, HAdV was detected in 100 % (6/6) of the samples (these 83 % contained infectious HAdV), although HAV and RVA were not detected and PCV2 was not evaluated. In groundwater from deep wells, during rainy period, HAdV and RVA were detected in 80 % (4/5) of the samples, and HAV and PCV2 were not detected; however, during dry period, HAdV and RVA were detected in 60 % (3/5), HAV in only one sample, and PCV2 in 60 % (4/5). In groundwater, all samples contained infectious HAdV. PCV2 presence in groundwater is indicative of contamination caused by swine manure in Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The disinfection of human and animal wastes is urgent, since they can contaminate surface and groundwater, being a potential threat for public and animal health.

Enteric Viruses and Fecal Bacteria Indicators to Assess Groundwater Quality and Suitability for Irrigation

“…Rotaviruses are the major cause of childhood diarrheal disease detected in different water environments worldwide, including groundwater [11,40], even though waterborne outbreaks have been only sporadically documented. In Italy, Rotaviruses are a major cause of hospitalization among pediatric-aged children in Apulia, especially in the Salento area [41].…”

Prevalence of Rotavirus Genogroup A and Norovirus Genogroup II in Bassaseachic Falls National Park Surface Waters in Chihuahua, Mexico

“…We used the SYBR GREEN technique to detect and quantify our DNA product, because it is a simple, inexpensive and effective technique to detect both viruses in water [3]. We applied a method using a selected conservation region, namely, open reading frame 1 (ORF 1, part of the RdPd gene) in the case of NV, while a segment of gene 4 that codes for the outer capsid protein VP4, with an expected size of 345 bp, was selected for the case of RV.…”

“…Infectious agents can be spread in this way, particularly during periods of low flow [1,2]. Although the number of viral particles in the surface water is very low, ten viral particles are sufficient for a healthy individual to be infected [3,4]. …”

‘Don’t put your head under water’: enteric viruses in Brazilian recreational waters

“…HAdVs carried by recreational waters have been reported in different regions of Brazil [28], [29], [30], [31], [32]. Vieira et al.…”

“…In the state of Rio de Janeiro (southeastern Brazil), studies conducted at Olympic venues showed 25.3% and 93.1% of positive samples respectively for HAdV-F and HAdV-C [28]. Studies carried out in the Lagoa do Peri (Santa Catarina, in the south of the country) found all samples to be positive for HAdV [29]. In the state of Rio Grande do Sul (southern Brazil), studies in Lake Guaíba showed about 78% positive samples for AdV [30].…”