Human Breast Milk: Bioactive Components, from Stem Cells to Health Outcomes

Bardanzellu, Flaminia; Peroni, Diego; Fanos, Vassilios

doi:10.1007/s13668-020-00303-7

Cited by 48 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…Finally, BM contains several populations of cells, including epithelial cells, immune cells and stem cells (SCs) named human breast-milk derived SCs (BMSCs) [77][78][79][80][81][82][83].…”

Section: Metabolomics In Neonatal Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How could metabolomics change pediatric health?

Bardanzellu

Fanos

2020

Ital J Pediatr

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In the last years, 'omics' technologies, and especially metabolomics, emerged as expanding scientific disciplines and promising technologies in the characterization of several pathophysiological processes. In detail, metabolomics, able to detect in a dynamic way the whole set of molecules of low molecular weight in cells, tissues, organs, and biological fluids, can provide a detailed phenotypic portray, representing a metabolic "snapshot." Thanks to its numerous strength points, metabolomics could become a fundamental tool in human health, allowing the exact evaluation of individual metabolic responses to pathophysiological stimuli including drugs, environmental changes, lifestyle, a great number of diseases and other epigenetics factors. Moreover, if current metabolomics data will be confirmed on larger samples, such technology could become useful in the early diagnosis of diseases, maybe even before the clinical onset, allowing a clinical monitoring of disease progression and helping in performing the best therapeutic approach, potentially predicting the therapy response and avoiding overtreatments. Moreover, the application of metabolomics in nutrition could provide significant information on the best nutrition regimen, optimal infantile growth and even in the characterization and improvement of commercial products' composition. These are only some of the fields in which metabolomics was applied, in the perspective of a precision-based, personalized care of human health. In this review, we discuss the available literature on such topic and provide some evidence regarding clinical application of metabolomics in heart diseases, auditory disturbance, nephrouropathies, adult and pediatric cancer, obstetrics, perinatal conditions like asphyxia, neonatal nutrition, neonatal sepsis and even some neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism. Our research group has been interested in metabolomics since several years, performing a wide spectrum of experimental and clinical studies, including the first metabolomics analysis of human breast milk. In the future, it is reasonable to predict that the current knowledge could be applied in daily clinical practice, and that sensible metabolomics biomarkers could be easily detected through cheap and accurate sticks, evaluating biofluids at the patient's bed, improving diagnosis, management and prognosis of sick patients and allowing a personalized medicine. A dream? May be I am a dreamer, but I am not the only one.

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“…Finally, BM contains several populations of cells, including epithelial cells, immune cells and stem cells (SCs) named human breast-milk derived SCs (BMSCs) [77][78][79][80][81][82][83].…”

Section: Metabolomics In Neonatal Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How could metabolomics change pediatric health?

Bardanzellu

Fanos

2020

Ital J Pediatr

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“…For example, infants have high contents of butyrate in the gut during their early life upon breastfeeding 4 and butyrate modulates the effector action of CD8 + T memory cells in the gut 5 . Besides short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), fundamental evidence recently showed that milk contains a panoply of factors including cytokines, soluble receptors, oligosaccharides, microbiota, immune and stem cells, and other mediators that are able to enhance oral and mucosal tolerance 6,7 . The postpartum period is particularly crucial for the neonatal life and breast milk should play a pivotal role in skewing a proper oral tolerance and a functional immune response in infants.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

The extra-lymphoid compartment of breast milk: Not a simple transfer of passive immunization

Chirumbolo

Vella

Peroni

2020

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

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Recent evidence reported that breast milk in humans can be considered as an extra-lymphoid compartment enriched in CD8+ effector memory T cells (CD8 + TEMs), which are able to transfer immunity even as a cell dialyzed extract. 1 Ian A. Myles and Sandip K. Datta showed that in breast milk leukocytes can transfer passive immunity via a cell-free dialyzed component (less than or equal to) 10 kDa from CD8 + TEMs. 1 The ability of this dialyzed fraction (dialyzable leukocyte extract) to induce an antigen-specific immune response in infants is particularly intriguing, as milk is digested and absorbed by neonatal gut. 1 The authors sustained the thesis that besides to immune cells immunization can be transferred via a cell-derived dialyzed component, consistent with Lawrence' transfer factor. Briefly speaking, the novelty reported by the authors put in the spotlight the crucial importance of breastfeeding in immunity and contributed in raising important questions about the role of different lactation approaches in skewing the immune endowment in the early life. The very close relationship between infants and their mothers should affect the complex mechanisms driving the development of neonatal immunity as a whole, probably selecting, at least initially, a kind of immunity much more similar to the mucosal immunity. According to our opinion, therefore, a kind of "extended gut control mechanism," between the mother and her child, may explain why CD8+ effector memory T cells (CD8 + TEMs) are particularly crucial for neonatal immune development, more than the expected task of a passive immunization from the immunocompetent mother we described so far (Fig. 1). Yet, before expanding further this hypothesis, we would like to summarize the evidence reported by the authors, highlighting the major impact of their observation on pediatric immunology. We hope to expand the debate about how newborns build up their immunity via breastfeeding and how to characterize those factors in the extra-lymphoid compartment of colostrum able to be supplemented or enriched in formulas.

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“…Human BM is a complex biofluid containing a very large number of components, including macronutrients, hormones, bioactive molecules, stem cells, and microbial communities; each of them is potentially responsible for a certain specific and even synergic influence on the newborn outcome, on its growth and on the development of organs and systems, as deeply reviewed in several paper by ours (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Human Breast Milk Metabolome in Overweight and Obese Mothers

et al. 2020

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Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is a major relevance factor, since maternal overweight and obesity can impair the pregnancy outcome and represent risk factors for several neonatal, childhood, and adult conditions, including excessive weight gain, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and even behavioral disorders. Currently, breast milk (BM) composition in such category of mothers was not completely defined. In this field, metabolomics represents the ideal technology, able to detect the whole profile of low molecular weight molecules in BM. Limited information is available on human BM metabolites differences in overweight or obese compared to lean mothers. Analyzing all the metabolomics studies published on Medline in English language, this review evaluated the effects that 8 specific types of metabolites found altered by maternal overweight and obesity (nucleotide derivatives, 5-methylthioadenosine, sugar-alcohols, acylcarnitine and amino acids, polyamines, mono-and oligosaccharides, lipids) can exert on the risk of offspring obesity development and other potentially associated health outcomes and complications. However, metabolites variations in samples collected from overweight and obese mothers and the potentially correlated effects highlighted below still need further investigations and should be confirmed in future metabolomics studies on larger samples. Finally, the positive or negative influence of maternal overweight and obesity on the offspring, potentially exerted by breastfeeding, should be analyzed in close correlation with maternal age, genetic and environmental factors, including diet, and taking into account the interactions occurring between BM metabolites and lactobiome. The evaluation of all the factors affecting BM metabolites in overweight and obese mothers can lead to the comprehensive description of such biofluid and the related effects on breastfed subjects, potentially highlighting personalized needs of BM supplementation or short-and long-term prevention strategies to optimize offspring health.

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Human Breast Milk: Bioactive Components, from Stem Cells to Health Outcomes

Cited by 48 publications

References 130 publications

How could metabolomics change pediatric health?

How could metabolomics change pediatric health?

The extra-lymphoid compartment of breast milk: Not a simple transfer of passive immunization

The Human Breast Milk Metabolome in Overweight and Obese Mothers

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