Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), the hormone of life and death: a review

Acevedo, Hernan F.

doi:10.1046/j.1359-4117.2002.01031.x

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…The glycoprotein hormone ␣ subunit is a subunit of the heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone, chorionic gonadotropin (CG). 3 Trophoblast-derived CG has been identified in primates and equine and appears to play a critical role in the maintenance of early pregnancy in women, providing early gonadotropic support to the corpus luteum and maintenance of progesterone production (15)(16)(17). Both for the case of the ␣ subunit promoter and regulation of Esx1 in the Dlx3 null mouse, Dlx3 appears to function as a putative transcriptional activator.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Smad6 Represses Dlx3 Transcriptional Activity through Inhibition of DNA Binding

Berghorn¹,

Clark-Campbell²,

Han³

et al. 2006

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Dlx3 (Distal-less 3) is a homeobox-containing transcription factor required for normal placental development in mice. Here we demonstrate that Dlx3 interacts with Smad6, a member of a larger family of transcriptional regulators generally thought to regulate transforming growth factor ␤/bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Immunocytochemical and immunoprecipitation studies demonstrate overlapping nuclear localization and physical interaction between Dlx3 and Smad6 in human choriocarcinoma cells and in differentiated trophoblasts from human placenta. In vitro protein interaction studies mapped the Smad6 interaction domain within Dlx3 to residues 80 -163, a region of Dlx3 that includes a portion of the homeodomain. Dlx3 and Dlx4 share homology within this region, and Dlx4 was also found to bind Smad6. Using the Esx1 gene promoter as a model for a Dlx3-responsive gene, studies demonstrate two near consensus Dlx3 binding sites within the proximal 2.3 kb of the transcription start site. Interestingly, binding of Dlx3 to one of these two sites was inhibited by interaction with Smad6. Consistent with this result, expression of an Esx1 promoter luciferase reporter was increased by overexpression of Dlx3; this effect was reversed with co-expression of Smad6. Further, small interference RNAmediated knockdown of endogenous Smad6 increased Dlx3-dependent expression of the Esx1 gene promoter. Thus, Smad6 appears to functionally interact with Dlx3, altering the ability of Dlx3 to bind target gene promoters. Smad6 appears to play a modulatory role in the regulation of Dlx3-dependent gene transcription within placental trophoblasts.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Smad6 Represses Dlx3 Transcriptional Activity through Inhibition of DNA Binding

Berghorn¹,

Clark-Campbell²,

Han³

et al. 2006

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone usually associated with pregnancy, can be found on the surface of cancer cells. Dr Acevedo has proposed that the presence of hCG on the surface of cancer cells may be a universal marker for cancer [87,88]. It remains to be seen whether it can be confi rmed that all cancer cells have this marker.…”

Section: Why Do Tumors Have Increased Susceptibility To (Ep) Permeabimentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Because immune defense cells such as NK cells and macrophages also have a negative surface charge, these cells are repulsed by the strong negative electrical fi eld of cancer cells when they try to approach and terminate cancer cells [16,89,90]. Negatively charged hCG is present on the cell membranes of embryonic and fetal cells, sperm cells and cancer cells, irrespective of type or origin [87,88]. Membrane-associated hCG makes all these cells immunologically inert.…”

Section: Why Do Tumors Have Increased Susceptibility To (Ep) Permeabimentioning

confidence: 99%

Why electroporation is a useful technique for cancer treatments

Haltiwanger¹

2014

Electroporation-Based Therapies for Cancer

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“…Only a few studies tried to investigate if hCG administration may be effective in age‐related androgen deficiency. They showed some positive results of hCG on muscle mass, osteoblastic collagen formation, and lipids 41,42 …”

Section: Testosterone Substitutionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Recent trends in the treatment of testosterone deficiency syndrome

Hong¹,

Ahn²

2007

Int J of Urology

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Testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) is defined as a clinical and biochemical syndrome associated with advancing age and is characterized by typical symptoms and deficiency in serum testosterone levels. TDS is a result of the interaction of hypothalamo-pituitary and testicular factors. Now, treatment of TDS with testosterone is still controversial due to a lack of large, controlled clinical trials on efficacy. The risks of treatment with testosterone appear to be minimal, although long-term studies on the safety of testosterone therapy are lacking. The aim of the therapy is to establish a physiological concentration of serum testosterone in order to correct the androgen deficiency, relieve its symptoms and prevent long-term sequelae. All of the available products, despite their varying pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles, are able to reach this goal. Newer testosterone patches seem not to cause severe skin irritation. Testosterone gels minimize the skin irritation while providing flexibility in dosing and a low discontinuation rate. Oral testosterone undecanoate (TU) is free of liver toxicity. Recent formulation of oral TU markedly increased shelf-live, a major drawback in the older preparation. Producing swings in testosterone levels rising rapidly to the supraphysiological range is not the case with the new injectable long-acting preparation of TU. To be able to rapidly react and stop treatment in cases where side-effects and contraindications are detected , the short-acting transdermal and oral delivery modes have certain advantages. However, there is no evidence that the use of an injectable long-acting TU in men with TDS has limitations in clinical application for this reason. The use of dehydroepiandrosterone is still controversial because of a lack of well designed long-term trials, although some recent studies suggest positive effects on various body systems. Only a few studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) in TDS with some positive results on various body systems.

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Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), the hormone of life and death: a review

Cited by 23 publications

References 96 publications

Smad6 Represses Dlx3 Transcriptional Activity through Inhibition of DNA Binding

Smad6 Represses Dlx3 Transcriptional Activity through Inhibition of DNA Binding

Why electroporation is a useful technique for cancer treatments

Recent trends in the treatment of testosterone deficiency syndrome

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