Human enteroviruses associated with and without diarrhea in Thailand between 2010 and 2016

Abstract

Non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis (AGE) associated with virus infection affects individuals living in developing countries, especially children. To investigate whether shedding of certain human enterovirus (EV) is more frequently detected in the stool of individuals with AGE of unknown etiology than individuals without AGE symptoms, we tested fecal samples collected from 2,692 individuals with diarrhea between January 2010 and December 2016. Samples were tested for rotavirus, norovirus, and EV by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and adenovirus by PCR. EV-positive samples were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to identify EV species and types. Findings were compared to EV found in 1,310 fecal samples from individuals without AGE who were diagnosed with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). While the majority of viruses identified in AGE consisted of human rotavirus (22.7%), norovirus (11.4%) and adenovirus (9.3%), we identified EV (6.2%) belonging mainly to species B, C, and rhinovirus. In contrast, >92% of EV found without AGE symptoms belonged to species A. Although AGE symptoms are not often attributed to EV infection, EV was associated with diarrhea of unknown etiology at least in 3.4% of AGE cases. While CV-A6 was most likely to be found in stools of HFMD patients, rhinovirus A and C were the two most common EV species associated with AGE. Elucidating group-specific EV infection in diseases with and without AGE will be useful in assisting identification, clinical management, and the surveillance of EV infection in the community.

Molecular epidemiology and genotype distributions of noroviruses and sapoviruses in Thailand 2000‐2016: A review

“…As then the NoV GII.4 is continuously circulating in this area until now. Simultaneously, the NoV studies conducted in another regions also reported the detection of NoV with the GII.4 as a common genotype detected . In the survey between 2000 and 2016, 26 different human NoV genotypes have been identified ( Figure ).…”

“…Most of epidemiological studies were conducted continuously since 2000 in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand, and some studies were performed in other regions of Thailand. The data revealed that the overall prevalence of NoV infection in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand from 2000 to 2016 was 15.1% . The overall prevalence of NoV infection in different age groups (ranged from 1 day to 86 years old) showed a wide range of infection rates ranging from 0.09% to 44.7% while the prevalence of NoV infection in young children with the age of less than 5 years was found between 6.8% to 42.6%.…”

“…The data revealed that the overall prevalence of NoV infection in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand from 2000 to 2016 was 15.1%. [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] The overall prevalence of NoV infection in different age groups (ranged from 1 day to 86 years old) showed a wide range of infection rates ranging from 0.09% to 44.7% while the prevalence of NoV infection in young children with the age of less than 5 years was found between 6.8% to 42.6%. The lowest prevalence of NoV infection (0.09%) was reported from adult patients aged between 15 and 90 years old.…”

“…Simultaneously, the NoV studies conducted in another regions also reported the detection of NoV with the GII.4 as a common genotype detected. 35,38,39,44,49,50 In the survey between 2000 and 2016, 26 different human NoV genotypes have been identified ( Figure 1). Overall, NoV GII was detected at much higher rate than NoV GI.…”

Molecular detection of human enteric viruses circulating among children with acute gastroenteritis in Valencia, Venezuela, before rotavirus vaccine implementation

“…On the other hand, the clinical importance of viruses belonging to the wide family Picornaviridae , such as enterovirus (EV), Aichi virus (AiV) and klassevirus/salivirus (KV), is up-to-date unclear, with those viruses presumably playing a rather minor epidemiological role in diarrhea [ 14 , 19 – 22 ]. Some subgroups of EVs have been involved as causative of at least 3.4% of AGE of unknown etiology [ 23 ]. Similarly, AiV, of the genus Kobuvirus , was initially described as cause of oyster-associated non-bacterial gastroenteritis in human [ 22 ], and later associated with AGE, reaching detection rates between 0.5 and 0.9% in Europe, and up to 4% in Asia and Africa [ 20 , 24 ].…”