Human Evolution, Microorganisms, Socioeconomic Status and Reconciling Necessary Microbial Exposures with Essential Hygiene

Rook, G. A. W.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91051-8_2

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 177 publications

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“…Some of these lymphocyte clones will be autoreactive while others will recognize nothing at all, and so the clones that express them must be eliminated. Then, microbial exposures are absolutely necessary for further education and selection of the clones to be retained ( 33 , 34 ). For example, some clones will recognize organisms that need to be tolerated (such as most of the gut microbiota derived from the mother) and exposure to the gut microbiota can cause them to become regulatory cells.…”

Section: Evolution Of the Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution, the Immune System, and the Health Consequences of Socioeconomic Inequality

Rook

2022

mSystems

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Section: Evolution Of the Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution, the Immune System, and the Health Consequences of Socioeconomic Inequality

Rook

2022

mSystems

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“…Since more than 100 different immune‐mediated diseases have been diagnosed so far and since they form the second highest cause of chronic illnesses, there is a huge unmet need for preventive approaches. As accumulating evidence supports the old friends, that is, the biodiversity hypothesis of immune‐mediated diseases (Haahtela et al., 2021; Hanski et al., 2012; Rook & Lowry, 2022; Roslund et al., 2022), the benefits and trade‐offs of consuming soil microbiota is a scientifically relevant research question. The available literature suggests that geophagy and the consumption of safe soil mixtures can provide immunological resilience.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Scoping review on soil microbiome and gut health—Are soil microorganisms missing from the planetary health plate?

Roslund,

Laitinen,

Sinkkonen

2024

People and Nature

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Evidence suggests that soil microorganisms, to which humans have been exposed throughout our evolutionary history, were essential for the evolution of the human gut microbiome and immunological resilience. In recent decades, gut microbial diversity has decreased along with urbanization and global loss of biodiversity. At the same time, the prevalence of chronic, non‐communicable inflammatory diseases has been increasing in urbanized societies. Here, we investigate whether the existing literature supports the hypothesis that ingesting soil microbiota provides immunological resilience. We focus on identifying research gaps and challenges that must be overcome to understand the effects of eating soil on immunological resilience. A scoping review of the peer‐reviewed empirical literature was carried out. The search focused on studies that exposed mammals to direct soil contact and measured the gut microbiota and host response; 12 articles, including four human, six mouse and two other mammal studies, were identified for inclusion in the review. In addition, seven articles related to human health risks associated with soil consumption were included in the review. Studies indicate that ingesting soil‐bound microorganisms supports immunological resilience. There is a lack of intervention studies that include human study subjects that test orally the effect of soil microorganisms on the gut microbiota and immunological resilience. Challenges, particularly soil heterogeneity and risks related to soil biological and chemical properties, have prevented progress to fully understand the effect of oral intake of soil‐bound microorganisms on human gut microbiota and health. The results encourage the development of technologies that allow daily exposure to soil microbiota. Future research should be aimed to precisely test the importance of oral intake of soil‐bound microorganisms in gut microbial homeostasis and immunological resilience. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

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“…Moreover, some authors believe that we are suffering from the absence of infections such as Helicobacter pylori and helminths that, unlike the crowd infections, were often present in our hunter-gatherer v ancestors. These controversial issues are discussed in a broad outline chapter in this volume [3].…”

Section: Prefacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have not evolved to require contact with the microbiota of the modern home, so exposure to it may not be beneficial unless it resembles that of the natural environment, which is more likely if the home is rural, on a traditional farm, has a garden, or contains pets. Clearly socio-economic status (SES) has a large influence on exposure of urban populations to the natural environment and this issue, and other SES-related effects on the microbiota (such as diet and stress) are discussed [3].…”

Section: Prefacementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution, Biodiversity and a Reassessment of the Hygiene Hypothesis

2022

Progress in Inflammation Research

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This book series addresses all key topical aspects of basic research, therapy and its clinical implications in the field of inflammatory diseases. It provides a unique reference source for academic and industrial biomedical researchers, drug development personnel, immunologists, rheumatologists, cardiologists, allergologists and many other relevant clinical disciplines. Each publication supplies regular scientific updates on newest developments and allow providing access to state-of-the-art techniques and technologies.The series gathers knowledge from leading authorities on the multiple facets of inflammation research, making it a valuable asset for advanced students in biomedical sciences, early career investigators and for professionals in both basic and translational research and in the clinic. Each volume comprises a carefully selected collection of high-quality review articles on the respective field of expertise. They also introduce new investigators to the most pertinent aspects of inflammatory disease and allow established investigators to understand fundamental ideas, concepts and data on sub-fields that they may not normally follow.Thus chapters should not comprise extensive data reviews nor provide a means for authors to present new data that would normally be published in peer-reviewed journals. Instead, the chapters should provide a concise overview and guide to the most pertinent and important literature, thus reflecting a conceptual approach rather than a complete review of the particular field of research. Moreover, each chapter should be intelligible for less experienced researchers or even newcomers to the fields of pathology, mechanisms and therapy of inflammatory disease. To this end, authors should consider introducing PhD students or postdocs who are new to the laboratory to the major concepts and the most critical literature in their chosen field of research.PIR volumes have been accepted for indexing in Scopus back to publications in 2005.More information about this series at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/4983

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Human Evolution, Microorganisms, Socioeconomic Status and Reconciling Necessary Microbial Exposures with Essential Hygiene

Cited by 4 publications

References 177 publications

Evolution, the Immune System, and the Health Consequences of Socioeconomic Inequality

Evolution, the Immune System, and the Health Consequences of Socioeconomic Inequality

Scoping review on soil microbiome and gut health—Are soil microorganisms missing from the planetary health plate?

Evolution, Biodiversity and a Reassessment of the Hygiene Hypothesis

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