Human exhaled air analytics: biomarkers of diseases

Abstract

Over the last few years, breath analysis for the routine monitoring of metabolic disorders has attracted a considerable amount of scientific interest, especially since breath sampling is a non-invasive technique, totally painless and agreeable to patients. The investigation of human breath samples with various analytical methods has shown a correlation between the concentration patterns of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the occurrence of certain diseases. It has been demonstrated that modern analytical instruments allow the determination of many compounds found in human breath both in normal and anomalous concentrations. The composition of exhaled breath in patients with, for example, lung cancer, inflammatory lung disease, hepatic or renal dysfunction and diabetes contains valuable information. Furthermore, the detection and quantification of oxidative stress, and its monitoring during surgery based on composition of exhaled breath, have made considerable progress. This paper gives an overview of the analytical techniques used for sample collection, preconcentration and analysis of human breath composition. The diagnostic potential of different disease-marking substances in human breath for a selection of diseases and the clinical applications of breath analysis are discussed.

Precursors for cytochrome P450 profiling breath tests from an in silico screening approach

“…In contrast, breath analysis is a non-invasive approach, in which almost unlimited sample amount is available continuously. Thus, the detection of volatile biomarkers within the exhaled breath is an attractive alternative [22,23] as we have already shown for other medical applications. e.g., cancer diagnosis [24][25][26][27].…”

Smell, Lung Cancer, Electronic Nose and Trained Dogs

“…The detection, in exhaled breath samples, of a volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pattern that is linked with a disease condition, represents a novel approach that overcomes many constraints of the conventional diagnostic techniques. 8,9 Actually, breath analysis offers several advantages: the breath samples are non-invasive and easy to obtain, the breath contains less complicated volatile mixtures than either serum or urine, while breath testing has the potential for direct and real-time monitoring. Moreover, the volatile biomarkers are transmitted to the alveolar exhaled breath through exchange via the lung even at the very onset of the disease, which offers the possibility to detect the disease at an early stage, when it is still localized and easier to treat.…”

“…[8][9][10] Importantly, every disease has its own volatiles fingerprint, therefore the presence of the target disease would not be masked by other diseases.…”

Levoglucosano e íons solúveis em água no material particulado atmosférico MP10 e MP2,5. caracterização de sítios Sul-Americanos

“…Na tentativa de definir a relação entre os compostos determinados e suas respectivas fontes de emissões, marcadores naturais e antrópicos são propostos e estudados (Bizjak et al, 1999;Allen et al, 2004;Buszewski et al, 2007). Estes compostos traçadores ou marcadores são caracterizados por suas ocorrências restritas, fontes específicas, estabilidade molecular e concentrações convenientes para detecção analítica (Oros et al, 2006 (Noblitt et al, 2007;Viana et al, 2008).…”

“…Consequentemente, o conhecimento das fontes, concentrações e métodos de medidas dos poluentes atmosféricos é muito importante para o monitoramento e avaliação de riscos em termos dos efeitos na saúde humana e meio ambiente (Fraser et al, 2003;Buszewski et al, 2007;Martins et al, 2009).…”