Human fetal extremity lengths in the interval from 9 to 21 menstrual weeks of pregnancy

Munsick, Robert A.

doi:10.1016/0002-9378(84)90609-4

Cited by 80 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Tissues from human fetuses (11-22 wk fetal age) were obtained at the time of therapeutic abortion by dilatation and curettage. The samples were flash frozen in a dry ice/acetone bath and stored at Ϫ 70 Њ C. Fetal age was determined by foot length (22). Protocols for obtaining the fetal tissues were approved by local Institutional Review Boards and informed consent was obtained in all cases.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pex/PEX tissue distribution and evidence for a deletion in the 3' region of the Pex gene in X-linked hypophosphatemic mice.

Beck¹,

Soumounou²,

Martel³

et al. 1997

J. Clin. Invest.

277

218

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PEX , a phosphate-regulating gene with homology to endopeptidases on the X chromosome, was recently identified as the candidate gene for X-linked hypophosphatemia. In the present study, we cloned mouse and human Pex/PEX cDNAs encoding part of the 5 Ј untranslated region, the protein coding region, and the entire 3 Ј untranslated region, determined the tissue distribution of Pex/PEX mRNA, and characterized the Pex mutation in the murine Hyp homologue of the human disease. Using the reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) and ribonuclease protection assays, we found that Pex/PEX mRNA is expressed predominantly in human fetal and adult mouse calvaria and long bone. With RNA from Hyp mouse bone, an RT/PCR product was generated with 5 Ј but not 3 Ј Pex primer pairs and a protected Pex mRNA fragment was detected with 5 Ј but not 3 Ј Pex riboprobes by ribonuclease protection assay. Analysis of the RT/ PCR product derived from Hyp bone RNA revealed an aberrant Pex transcript with retention of intron sequence downstream from nucleotide 1302 of the Pex cDNA. Pex mRNA was not detected on Northern blots of poly (A) ϩ RNA from Hyp bone, while a low-abundance Pex transcript of Ϸ 7 kb was apparent in normal bone. Southern analysis of genomic DNA from Hyp mice revealed the absence of hybridizing bands with cDNA probes from the 3 Ј region of the Pex cDNA. We conclude that Pex/PEX is a low-abundance transcript that is expressed predominantly in bone of mice and humans and that a large deletion in the 3 Ј region of the Pex gene is present in the murine Hyp homologue of X-linked hypophosphatemia. ( J. Clin. Invest . 1997. 99:1200-1209.)

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pex/PEX tissue distribution and evidence for a deletion in the 3' region of the Pex gene in X-linked hypophosphatemic mice.

Beck¹,

Soumounou²,

Martel³

et al. 1997

J. Clin. Invest.

277

218

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Women selected for this project were those who were having therapeutic termination of pregnancy. As ultrasound scans were not performed prior to the termination, the gestational age of the fetus was calculated by the last menstrual period and the foot length measurements (in mm) as has been described in previously published data (Streeter 1920, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen 1984, Munsick 1984. In this paper the gestational age rather than weeks after conception is used to date the specimens.…”

Section: Patient Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical localization of androgen receptors in the urogenital tracts of human embryos

Sajjad¹,

Quenby²,

Nickson³

et al. 2004

Reproduction

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The aim of this study was to investigate androgen receptor (AR) expression in the developing human urogenital tract. The distribution of AR was examined in paraffin-embedded tissue sections of the lower urogenital tract using 55 human embryos of 8-12 weeks of gestation. Immunohistochemistry was performed for AR detection and gender was determined by polymerized chain reaction. There were no differences in the distribution of AR in male and female embryos at any stage of gestation. AR was present only in the mesenchymal tissues of the urogenital sinus at 8 weeks whilst the epithelium was negative, but after 9 weeks the epithelium also showed progressively more positive staining. In the phallus, AR staining was prominent. There was far less staining in the epithelium of the urethral groove from 8 to 10 weeks, whilst the mesenchyme of the urethral folds showed positive staining. At 11 and 12 weeks, both the urethral groove and folds showed uniform staining. The genital tubercle, genital swelling and bulbourethral gland precusors were also positively stained, although paramesonephric ducts were negative. Staining was observed in the mesonephric duct from 9 weeks. There was an absence of staining in the rectum at all stages of gestation. The expression of AR in an epithelium may be dependent upon the mesenchyme. Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions played an important role in development, as has been described in experimental animals. AR expression could play a part in the growth of the genital organs.

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“…75-19 weeks of fetal age (FA)); FA was determined by foot length (Munsick 1984). Postnatal liver specimens, perfused to remove all blood cells, were collected within 4-10 h after removal of organs for transplantation (15-60 years, donors were all males).…”

Section: Tissue Collections and Cell Linesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental changes in the human GH receptor and its signal transduction pathways

Kenth

Mergelas²,

Goodyer

2008

Journal of Endocrinology

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We previously reported the presence of functional human GH receptors (hGHRs) in the human fetal hepatocyte (FH) as early as the first trimester. Interestingly, fetal serum levels of hGH are in the acromegalic range, yet certain hGH-dependent factors are expressed at very low levels (IGF-I, IGF-binding protein-3), suggesting that fetal liver has limited responsiveness to hGH. To determine whether this is due to the fetal tissue levels of hGHR or factors in the hGH/hGHR axis that might influence hGHR function, we compared hGHR isoforms and downstream signaling proteins in FH versus human adult liver (HAL). Immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting (IB) analyses found similar precursor and mature hGHR forms while RT-PCR assays of truncated (T) hGHR 1-279 , dominant negative for the full-length (FL) receptor, showed similar T/FL mRNA ratios in FH and HAL. IB demonstrated that Janus kinase (JAK) 2, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT(1, 3, 5A/B)), and suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS(1, 2, 3, cytokineinducible SH2-containing protein (CIS))) proteins were detectable in all FH and HAL tested (12 weeks of fetal age to 60 years); the levels were similar (STAT5B) or lower (JAK2/STAT1/STAT3/STAT5A: 38-53%, SOCS/CIS: 58-76%) in FH compared with HAL. Our studies to date demonstrate that, during hepatocyte development, hGHR levels are lower in the fetal cells but the hGHR isoforms, including the relative amount of truncated versus FL, remain unchanged. The JAK2/STAT/SOCS signaling molecules are present in the FH as early as the first trimester. However, they are generally at !50% level in postnatal liver. These data suggest that low expression of both hGHR and major hGHR signaling components may explain the limited responsiveness of the fetal cells to the high circulating levels of hGH.

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Human fetal extremity lengths in the interval from 9 to 21 menstrual weeks of pregnancy

Cited by 80 publications

References 2 publications

Pex/PEX tissue distribution and evidence for a deletion in the 3' region of the Pex gene in X-linked hypophosphatemic mice.

Pex/PEX tissue distribution and evidence for a deletion in the 3' region of the Pex gene in X-linked hypophosphatemic mice.

Immunohistochemical localization of androgen receptors in the urogenital tracts of human embryos

Developmental changes in the human GH receptor and its signal transduction pathways

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