Human gut microbiota and its relationship to health and disease

Wallace, Taylor C.; Guarner, Francisco; Madsen, Karen; Cabana, Michael D.; Gibson, Glenn R.; Hentges, Eric; Sanders, Mary Ellen

doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00402.x

Cited by 196 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…ncreasing attention is currently aimed at understanding the molecular basis by which probiotic bacteria, mainly belonging to the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera, confer their welldocumented positive health effects (37,53). Utilization of oligosaccharides, not otherwise digestible by human enzymes, has been recognized as an important attribute of probiotics (5,15,28,37).…”

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confidence: 99%

Enzymology and Structure of the GH13_31 Glucan 1,6-α-Glucosidase That Confers Isomaltooligosaccharide Utilization in the Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM

et al. 2012

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b Isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO) have been suggested as promising prebiotics that stimulate the growth of probiotic bacteria. Genomes of probiotic lactobacilli from the acidophilus group, as represented by Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, encode ␣-1,6 glucosidases of the family GH13_31 (glycoside hydrolase family 13 subfamily 31) that confer degradation of IMO. These genes reside frequently within maltooligosaccharide utilization operons, which include an ATP-binding cassette transporter and ␣-glucan active enzymes, e.g., maltogenic amylases and maltose phosphorylases, and they also occur separated from any carbohydrate transport or catabolism genes on the genomes of some acidophilus complex members, as in L. acidophilus NCFM. Besides the isolated locus encoding a GH13_31 enzyme, the ABC transporter and another GH13 in the maltooligosaccharide operon were induced in response to IMO or maltotetraose, as determined by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) transcriptional analysis, suggesting coregulation of ␣-1,6-and ␣-1,4-glucooligosaccharide utilization loci in L. acidophilus NCFM. The L. acidophilus NCFM GH13_31 (LaGH13_31) was produced recombinantly and shown to be a glucan 1,6-␣-glucosidase active on IMO and dextran and product-inhibited by glucose. The catalytic efficiency of LaGH13_31 on dextran and the dextran/panose (trisaccharide) efficiency ratio were the highest reported for this class of enzymes, suggesting higher affinity at distal substrate binding sites. The crystal structure of LaGH13_31 was determined to a resolution of 2.05 Å and revealed additional substrate contacts at the ؉2 subsite in LaGH13_31 compared to the GH13_31 from Streptococcus mutans (SmGH13_31), providing a possible structural rationale to the relatively high affinity for dextran. A comprehensive phylogenetic and activity motif analysis mapped IMO utilization enzymes from gut microbiota to rationalize preferential utilization of IMO by gut residents.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymology and Structure of the GH13_31 Glucan 1,6-α-Glucosidase That Confers Isomaltooligosaccharide Utilization in the Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM

et al. 2012

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“…Insulin resistance plays a decisive role in hepatic steatosis, which is closely associated with obesity [26]. Our results from histological analysis demonstrated that a prominent hepatic steatosis with cytoplasmic vacuoles was observed in HFD and HSD rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Influence of Gut Microbiota on Inflammation and Pathogenesis of Sugar Rich Diet Induced Diabetes

Jena¹,

Prajapati²,

Mishra³

et al. 2016

Immunome Res

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Type 2 diabetes is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance. Besides immune and inflammatory mechanisms, other pathways involve interaction between gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome. The present study was designed to understand gut microbiota alteration following High Sugar Diet (HSD) and its effect on physiology and gastrointestinal immunology. Male wistar rats were fed with high fructose and HSD for 60 days. Composition of fecal microbiota by DGGE and proinflammatory cytokines in serum was investigated. Expressions of genes such as TLR2, TLR4 and NF-kB in various tissues were also studied. The bacteria coliforms and clostridium level were higher and Lactobacillus was lower in both sugar rich diet fed rats. Highly diverse and densely populated bands were observed in HSD group by DGGE fingerprint. The band profiles of sugar fed group have clustered together. Elevated mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4, and NF-kB were observed in HSD groups. Increased inflammation was confirmed by blood and tissue biochemical assay and enhanced serum pro-inflammatory cytokines in HSD diet groups. Gut microbiota strongly influenced the metabolic profiling of individuals fed with high calorie intake. The diverse microbial population and increased coliforms and clostridium may affect host gene expression. Targeting TLRs and microbiota could be promising therapeutic approach.

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“…precise mechanism(s) involved, a vast array of data exists relating to the beneficial impact of probiotics on host health. 102,107,112 However, for the purpose of this review, the focus will be confined to the benefits to infant gut microbiota and subsequent health. With respect to healthy, full term infants, this review has previously outlined the transition that the infant gut undergoes from being initially sterile to having a composition that is relatively stable and resembles that of an adult by 2 years of age.…”

Section: Impact Of Family Structurementioning

confidence: 99%