Human Herpesvirus Latency

Cohrs, Randall J.; Gilden, Donald H.

doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2001.tb00415.x

Cited by 60 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…The detection of carrier status for herpesviruses is difficult because latently infected animals may carry the viral genome without producing infectious particles that could be detected in cell culture or by serological methods (Lamers et al 1985, Cohrs & Gilden 2001, Kamal et al 2004). Another approach is to look for antiviral antibodies that would indicate prior virus exposure, but in fish the duration of detectable titers against specific pathogens is quite variable (Vestergaard & Jørgensen 1982, Eggset et al 1997, Bricknell et al 1999).…”

Section: Herpesviral Hematopoietic Necrosis (Hvhn) Is a Disease Of Gomentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of the herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease agent (Cyprinid herpesvirus 2) in moribund and healthy goldfish: validation of a quantitative PCR diagnostic method

Goodwin

Merry²,

Sadler³

2006

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a pathogen of goldfish Carassius auratus auratus L. that causes herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN) disease. The disease is associated with necrosis of hematopoietic tissues and anemia with high mortality. We have developed a real time 5'-nuclease PCR method (Taqman) that quantitatively detects CyHV-2 with a linear response over 8 logs of target concentration. The coefficient of variability on replicate samples tested on different days was 13% and the calculated sensitivity approached 1 target molecule per reaction. The assay does not cross-react with other similar fish herpesviruses, including CyHV-1 (carp pox) and CyHV-3 (koi herpesvirus), but reliably detects known CyHV-2 positive fish. The assay detects CyHV-2 not just in clinical cases of HVHN but also in apparently healthy 1 yr old goldfish fingerlings and even in 3 to 5 yr old broodfish.

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Section: Herpesviral Hematopoietic Necrosis (Hvhn) Is a Disease Of Gomentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of the herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease agent (Cyprinid herpesvirus 2) in moribund and healthy goldfish: validation of a quantitative PCR diagnostic method

Goodwin

Merry²,

Sadler³

2006

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Periodic reactivation and viral recrudescence (i.e., appearance with or without clinical symptoms) occur after stress and alterations in immune surveillance. Frank immunosuppression is associated with more severe disease and complications (e.g., encephalitis, pneumonia, hepatitis, and various forms of cancer) (2,7,13,14,40,53,57,60,67,68,78,83,84).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Prophylactic Valacyclovir on the Presence of Human Herpesvirus DNA in Saliva of Healthy Individuals after Dental Treatment

Miller¹,

Avdiushko²,

Danaher³

et al. 2005

J Clin Microbiol

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Human herpesviruses (HHVs) are ubiquitous pathogens that intermittently reactivate from latency. Transmission is believed to be facilitated by their frequent appearance in saliva. This study sought to understand the factors that influence the appearance of these viruses in saliva by examining the prevalence, pattern, and quantity of all eight HHVs in saliva of immunocompetent adults with a history of recurrent oral herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections following dental treatment and antiviral therapy. Valacyclovir or matched placebo was given (2 g twice on the day of treatment and 1 g twice the following day) to 125 patients in a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Saliva, collected on the day of dental treatment and 3 and 7 days later, was analyzed using real-time quantitative PCR. At all visits, HHVs coinfected saliva. Over the course of the week, the DNAs of HHV-6 and HHV-7 were detected significantly more often (97% to 99% of patients) than Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; 64.8%), HSV-1 (13.0%), HHV-8 (3.2%), cytomegalovirus (2.4%), HSV-2 (0%), and varicella-zoster virus (0%), irrespective of drug treatment (P < 0.002). Mean genome copy numbers were highest for HSV-1 and HHV-6. Dental treatment did not influence asymptomatic viral shedding patterns. However, valacyclovir treatment resulted in significantly fewer patients shedding EBV at both postoperative visits compared with placebo (P < 0.008). These results suggest that HHVs are simultaneously present in the saliva of healthy adults at levels that could facilitate transmission, and valacyclovir therapy decreases the prevalence of EBV in saliva but has little effect on HHV-6 and HHV-7.Herpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that infect many animal species, including humans. Eight distinct members of the human Herpesviridae family have been identified. They include herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, varicellazoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), HHV-7, and HHV-8 (Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus [KSHV]) (62, 81). These large DNA viruses each express more than 70 genes that specify a number of proteins and enzymes that can cause destruction of infected cells during the lytic infection (12,63). Following the initial lytic infection, HHVs establish a latent state in a diverse group of cells that ensures survival of the viral genome throughout the life of the host. Periodic reactivation and viral recrudescence (i.e., appearance with or without clinical symptoms) occur after stress and alterations in immune surveillance. Frank immunosuppression is associated with more severe disease and complications (e.g., encephalitis, pneumonia, hepatitis, and various forms of cancer) (2,7,13,14,40,53,57,60,67,68,78,83,84).Over 95% of the adult population are infected with HHVs (28,39,70,71,86). Infections occur following intimate contact with virus-laden secretions and in some case by fomites (e.g., nurseries, day care centers) (22,72). Saliva harbors most of the HHVs and appears to be an important mode for viru...

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“…Primary HSV-1 infection is an unapparent asymptomatic infection of the mouth and lips (24), but there is currently no effective preventive measure. However, the present results suggest that the amount of HSV-1-reactive Ab in immune milk prevents primary HSV-1 infection in the oral cavity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Milk Suppresses Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

Masuzawa

Arakawa

et al. 2016

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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SummaryImmune milk has been developed as a substitute for colostrum and contains a high concentration of IgG antibodies specifi c to the immunized pathogens. Meanwhile, bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BHV-1) naturally infects cattle worldwide, and its antibody is found in milk. Moreover, BHV-1 glycoprotein K, the major antigen, exhibits substantial homology with human herpes virus simplex 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein K. On the basis of this evidence, we hypothesized BHV-1 antibody exists in immune milk and suppresses HSV-1 activity. This study investigated whether immune milk IgG recognizes HSV-1 and suppresses HSV-1 activity. IgG in immune milk was purifi ed by affi nity Protein A columns, and HSV-1-reactive IgG in immune milk IgG was detected and quantifi ed by ELISA. The effi cacy of the IgG against HSV-1 was analyzed using a reduction assay based on the cytopathic effect due to HSV-1 in the presence of macrophages. We detected a high concentration of HSV-1-reactive IgG in immune milk. Furthermore, IgG suppressed HSV-1 pathogenicity in the presence of macrophages. These results indicate immune milk has protective activity against HSV-1 by opsonic activity owing to its high concentration of HSV-1-reactive IgG, which is likely the BHV-1 antibody. HSV-1 is currently a refractory infection with a worldwide distribution. Primary infection occurs via the oral cavity, but there is no effective precaution at this time. However, the present results suggest that taking oral immune milk may be an effective measure to prevent primary HSV-1 infection in the oral cavity.

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Human Herpesvirus Latency

Cited by 60 publications

References 87 publications

Detection of the herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease agent (Cyprinid herpesvirus 2) in moribund and healthy goldfish: validation of a quantitative PCR diagnostic method

Detection of the herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease agent (Cyprinid herpesvirus 2) in moribund and healthy goldfish: validation of a quantitative PCR diagnostic method

Effect of Prophylactic Valacyclovir on the Presence of Human Herpesvirus DNA in Saliva of Healthy Individuals after Dental Treatment

Immune Milk Suppresses Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

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