Human Host-Derived Cytokines Associated with Plasmodium vivax Transmission from Acute Malaria Patients to Anopheles darlingi Mosquitoes in the Peruvian Amazon

Abeles, Shira R.; Chuquiyauri, Raúl; Tong, Carlos; Vinetz, Joseph M.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0752

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…darlingi mosquitoes have confirmed and extended these observations 84,85. Understanding mechanisms by which the human host response may impair parasite infectivity for mosquitoes has direct implications for the development of transmission-blocking vaccines.…”

Section: Experimental Studies Of P Vivax Transmission To An Darlingmentioning

confidence: 74%

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Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Peru

Aguirre¹,

Gamboa²,

Manrique³

et al. 2016

Am J Trop Med Hyg

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Malaria in Peru, dominated by Plasmodium vivax, remains a public health problem. The 1990s saw newly epidemic malaria emerge, primarily in the Loreto Department in the Amazon region, including areas near to Iquitos, the capital city, but sporadic malaria transmission also occurred in the 1990s–2000s in both north-coastal Peru and the gold mining regions of southeastern Peru. Although a Global Fund-supported intervention (PAMAFRO, 2005–2010) was temporally associated with a decrease of malaria transmission, from 2012 to the present, both P. vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases have rapidly increased. The Peruvian Ministry of Health continues to provide artemesinin-based combination therapy for microscopy-confirmed cases of P. falciparum and chloroquine–primaquine for P. vivax. Malaria transmission continues in remote areas nonetheless, where the mobility of humans and parasites facilitates continued reintroduction outside of ongoing surveillance activities, which is critical to address for future malaria control and elimination efforts. Ongoing P. vivax research gaps in Peru include the following: identification of asymptomatic parasitemics, quantification of the contribution of patent and subpatent parasitemics to mosquito transmission, diagnosis of nonparasitemic hypnozoite carriers, and implementation of surveillance for potential emergence of chloroquine- and 8-aminoquinoline-resistant P. vivax. Clinical trials of tafenoquine in Peru have been promising, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the region has not been observed to be a limitation to its use. Larger-scale challenges for P. vivax (and malaria in general) in Peru include logistical difficulties in accessing remote riverine populations, consequences of government policy and poverty trends, and obtaining international funding for malaria control and elimination.

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Section: Experimental Studies Of P Vivax Transmission To An Darlingmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…darlingi mosquitoes. The results raised the possibility that some degree of naturally occurring transmission-blocking immunity is present on a population basis in the Peruvian Amazon, an area of low intensity of malaria transmission 84,85…”

Section: Experimental Studies Of P Vivax Transmission To An Darlingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Peru

Aguirre¹,

Gamboa²,

Manrique³

et al. 2016

Am J Trop Med Hyg

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“…Moreover in areas with low levels of transmission there is a high proportion of infections undetected by microscopy that could be a reservoir for the parasite with unknown gametocyte and infectivity levels [ 7 ]. Due to the lack of long-term P. vivax in vitro cultures and the lack of suitable animal models, the study of P. vivax gametocyte maturation has been limited to the use of parasite samples from naturally infected patients [ 8 – 10 ]. Furthermore, the role of asymptomatic carriers in malaria transmission has not been clearly established [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium vivax gametocyte infectivity in sub-microscopic infections

Vallejo

García

Amado-Garavito

et al. 2016

Malar J

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BackgroundThe use of molecular techniques has put in the spotlight the existence of a large mass of malaria sub-microscopic infections among apparently healthy populations. These sub-microscopic infections are considered an important pool for maintained malaria transmission.MethodsIn order to assess the appearance of Plasmodium vivax gametocytes in circulation, gametocyte density and the parasite infectivity to Anopheles mosquitoes, a study was designed to compare three groups of volunteers either experimentally infected with P. vivax sporozoites (early infections; n = 16) or naturally infected patients (acute malaria, n = 16 and asymptomatic, n = 14). In order to determine gametocyte stage, a quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) assay targeting two sexual stage-specific molecular markers was used. Parasite infectivity was assessed by membrane feeding assays (MFA).ResultsIn early infections P. vivax gametocytes could be detected starting at day 7 without giving rise to infected mosquitoes during 13 days of follow-up. Asymptomatic carriers, with presumably long-lasting infections, presented the highest proportion of mature gametocytes and were as infective as acute patients.ConclusionsThis study shows the potential role of P. vivax asymptomatic carriers in malaria transmission should be considered when new policies are envisioned to redirect malaria control strategies towards targeting asymptomatic infections as a tool for malaria elimination.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1104-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…We anticipate that as a result of the recently developed model of An. darlingi infections, 44 – 46 the importance of these contributions will only continue to increase. All of these scientific contributions were possible mainly because of a highly productive and internationally collaborative malaria research network that has been established in the Peruvian Amazon and north coast.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerating to Zero: Strategies to Eliminate Malaria in the Peruvian Amazon

Quispe

Llanos-Cuentas

Rodríguez³

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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In February 2014, the Malaria Elimination Working Group, in partnership with the Peruvian Ministry of Health (MoH), hosted its first international conference on malaria elimination in Iquitos, Peru. The 2-day meeting gathered 85 malaria experts, including 18 international panelists, 23 stakeholders from different malaria-endemic regions of Peru, and 11 MoH authorities. The main outcome was consensus that implementing a malaria elimination project in the Amazon region is achievable, but would require: 1) a comprehensive strategic plan, 2) the altering of current programmatic guidelines from control toward elimination by including symptomatic as well as asymptomatic individuals for antimalarial therapy and transmission-blocking interventions, and 3) the prioritization of community-based active case detection with proper rapid diagnostic tests to interrupt transmission. Elimination efforts must involve key stakeholders and experts at every level of government and include integrated research activities to evaluate, implement, and tailor sustainable interventions appropriate to the region.

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Human Host-Derived Cytokines Associated with Plasmodium vivax Transmission from Acute Malaria Patients to Anopheles darlingi Mosquitoes in the Peruvian Amazon

Cited by 20 publications

References 58 publications

Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Peru

Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Peru

Plasmodium vivax gametocyte infectivity in sub-microscopic infections

Accelerating to Zero: Strategies to Eliminate Malaria in the Peruvian Amazon

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