Human immunodeficiency: Extragonadal comorbidities of infertility in women

Abstract

Introduction: Infertility is mediated by several changes system-wide. These changes are likely to cause other systems-related pathologies, such as changes in systemic immune response, particularly inflammatory response can lead to cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer. Methods: These morbidities can exist immediately or years after the diagnosis of infertility. Therefore, understanding the mechanism is important to move toward therapeutic interventions. Results: Several extragonadal pathologies are reported due to infertility, as well as, how these might also contribute to reproductive disabilities. Detailed evidence are still not present that can give stronger result. Conclusion: This review highlights some of the most frequent comorbidities that are seen in infertile women, hence requiring a need for complete clinical screening and care, as well as diagnosis and treatment in early stages. K E Y W O R D S extragonadal comorbidities, infertile women, infertility 1 | INTRODUCTION Up to 18% of general population is prone to infertility. 1 However, fewer studies target coexisting pathologies with infertility. Infertility is not a remote pathology and it can proffer effects on various systems in the body. Women infertility can have several causes, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, tubal blockage, and hydrosalpinges. 2-4 Despite, availability of diversity of treatment options, prevalence extragonadal pathologies might influence the treatment outcomes for infertility. 5,6 Certain dietary intake can also elevate the risk to attain infertility. 7 A study reports genital infections like those in vagina, uterus, and ovaries that greatly contributes to infertility rather than cardiovascular factors. 8 PCOS is characterized by various phenotypes (Figure 1) and thereby existence of comorbidities varies according to each category. In general, these women present elevated body mass index (BMI), follicle count

Usefulness of the Sympto-Thermal Method with Standardized Cervical Mucus Assessment (InVivo Method) for Evaluating the Monthly Cycle in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

“…IR induced by chronic inflammation and hormonal dysfunction originating in adipose tissue, is amplified by the release of pro-inflammatory adipokines [ 23 ]. IRis accompanied by oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation that cause abnormal ovarian follicle growth and impaired oocyte maturation with endometrial receptivity dysfunction, which can lead to infertility in PCOS [ 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”

Risks associated with antidepressants in patients with hypertension during pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study

“…Fourth, we found a substantial number of women with fertility treatment in both groups, 18.9% in the exposed group and 6.3% in the reference group (p = 0.004), which may be indicative of the lower health status of both groups. 44,45 In Western countries, the percentage of live-born neonates as a result of assisted reproduction is in the magnitude of 1.7%. 46 However this percentage may differ among countries and regions, and registrations may differ in their methods.…”

Medication-Wide Association Study Using Electronic Health Record Data of Prescription Medication Exposure and Multifetal Pregnancies: Retrospective Study

“…A comprehensive review of infertility comorbidities in women suggests that infertility is a complex health care issue, and women with infertility are at a higher risk of psychiatric disorders and endometrial cancer [ 40 ]. Infertility and fertility treatment are associated with other pathologies, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis, thyroid disorders, breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and liver dysfunction [ 41 ].…”