Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Infection in Spain

Machuca, Ana; Soriano, Vincent; Gutiérrez, M.; Holguín, África; Aguilera, Antonio; Caballero, Estrella; Cilla, Gustavo

doi:10.1159/000024958

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The prevalence of HIV-2 infection is also a concern in certain parts of Europe. 2,3 At present, 4.1 million people are infected with HIV-1 in India as estimated by the National AIDS Control Organization, Government of India. Since the first report of HIV-2 infection in India, 4 continuous serosurveillance has revealed the presence of HIV-2 in different parts of India.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Characterization of HIV Type 2 in Calcutta, India

Bhanja

Mandal²,

Jana³

et al. 2004

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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Since the first report of HIV/AIDS in India in 1986, continuous serosurveillance has been undertaken in all Indian states. Recently, five cases of HIV-2 infection have been detected in Calcutta, situated in the eastern part of India. The full-length envelope gene (2.5 kb) of one of the strains was amplified, cloned, and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the Calcutta HIV-2 envelope revealed a close relatedness to the HIV-2 Rod sequence isolated in offshore Senegal. This strain, however, showed a genetic diversity of 13.5% to other Indian HIV-2 isolates.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Characterization of HIV Type 2 in Calcutta, India

Bhanja

Mandal²,

Jana³

et al. 2004

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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“…The PCR primers used were as follows: 3LTR-F1 (5=-GGGCTATAGGCCWGT WTTCTCYTCCCC-3=; melting temperature [T m ] ϭ 68.8°C), 3LTR-R1 (5=-AAGGGTCCTAACAGACCAGG-3=; T m ϭ 59.4°C), 3LTR-F2 (5=-GGGGACTGGAAGGGMTGTWTTAYA-3=; T m ϭ 62.7°C), and 3LTR-R2 (5=-GACCAG GCGGCGACTAGG-3=; T m ϭ 62,8°C). Primer 3LTR-F1 was first described by Machuca et al (47). The nested-PCR product encompassed almost the whole LTR region (nucleotides 9499 to 10275 of the reference strain BEN, GenBank accession number M30502), lacking only the last 60 nucleotides of U5, which are highly conserved in HIV-2.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Variability of Long Terminal Repeat Region between HIV-2 Groups Impacts Transcriptional Activity

Hingrat

Visseaux

Bertine

et al. 2020

J Virol

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The HIV-2 long terminal repeat (LTR) region contains several transcription factor (TF) binding sites. Efficient LTR transactivation by cellular TF and viral proteins is crucial for HIV-2 reactivation and viral production. Proviral LTRs from 66 antiretroviral-naive HIV-2-infected patients included in the French ANRS HIV-2 CO5 Cohort were sequenced. High genetic variability within the HIV-2 LTR was observed, notably in the U3 subregion, the subregion encompassing most known TF binding sites. Genetic variability was significantly higher in HIV-2 group B than in group A viruses. Notably, all group B viruses lacked the peri-ETS binding site, and 4 group B sequences (11%) also presented a complete deletion of the first Sp1 binding site. The lack of a peri-ETS binding site was responsible for lower transcriptional activity in activated T lymphocytes, while deletion of the first Sp1 binding site lowered basal or Tat-mediated transcriptional activities, depending on the cell line. Interestingly, the HIV-2 cellular reservoir was less frequently quantifiable in patients infected by group B viruses and, when quantifiable, the reservoirs were significantly smaller than in patients infected by group A viruses. Our findings suggest that mutations observed in vivo in HIV-2 LTR sequences are associated with differences in transcriptional activity and may explain the small cellular reservoirs in patients infected by HIV-2 group B, providing new insight into the reduced pathogenicity of HIV-2 infection. IMPORTANCE Over 1 million patients are infected with HIV-2, which is often described as an attenuated retroviral infection. Patients frequently have undetectable viremia and evolve at more slowly toward AIDS than HIV-1-infected patients. Several studies have reported a smaller viral reservoir in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in HIV-2-infected patients than in HIV-1-infected patients, while others have found similar sizes of reservoirs but a reduced amount of cell-associated RNA, suggesting a block in HIV-2 transcription. Recent studies have found associations between mutations within the HIV-1 LTR and reduced transcriptional activities. Until now, mutations within the HIV-2 LTR region have scarcely been studied. We conducted this research to discover if such mutations exist in the HIV-2 LTR and their potential association with the viral reservoir and transcriptional activity. Our study indicates that transcription of HIV-2 group B proviruses may be impaired, which might explain the small viral reservoir observed in patients.

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“…The first cases of HIV-2 infection in Spain were identified in 1988, in three African immigrants living in Barcelona. By 1999, 92 cases had been reported (60). For 22 individuals of this group of 92, HIV-2 subtyping was performed on their proviral DNA.…”

Section: Epidemiology and Global Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results showed 16 were infected with HIV-2: eight Spanish-born and eight African immigrants. The remaining six were infected with HIV-2B: two Spanish born and four African immigrants from Equatorial Guinea (60).…”

Section: Epidemiology and Global Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%