Human intake of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin like PCBs in Japan, 2001 and 2002

Assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans contribution from different media to surrounding duck farms

“…Humans and animals intake PCDD/Fs through various routes, e.g., dermal absorption, respiration, and diet [5], and more than 90% of PCDD/F intake is contributed by the last route [6]. Since ducks always walk or take a rest on the ground, the soil is probably accidentally ingested.…”

Occupational exposure to PCDD/PCDF from industrial boilers at a whisky factory and vegetable oil factory in Samutsakorn Province, Thailand

“…To assess the health risks associated with the occupational exposure to PM 10 , organic and elemental carbon of outdoor workers, the incremental lifetime particulate matter exposure (ILPE) model was employed and defined as, According to the methods for derivation of inhalation dosimetry (US EPA, 1994), the inhalation rate of male and female outdoor workers were estimated as 0.89 and 0.49 m 3 h -1 respectively. The ILPE model was adapted from the probabilistic incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model, which was used to assess traffic policemen exposure to PAHs during their work time in China (Hu et al, [13]).…”

“…International publications of dioxin emission levels and its adverse health impacts are few in number and strictly limited to certain countries. The majority of studies have been focused in the US [1,2], Denmark [3,4], UK [5,6], Italy [7,8], Japan [9,10] and China [11,12] and other geographical regions. As a part of UNIDO (United Nation Industrial Development Organization)'s primary objective, which believes that competitive and environmentally sustainable industry has a crucial role to play in accelerating economic growth, reducing poverty and achieving the Millennium Development Goals, several attempts have been made in order to reduce dioxins' emissions from fossil fuel-fired utilities and industrial boilers particularly in developing countries.…”

Uptake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in laying ducks

“…Among various routes of human intake PCDD/Fs, i.e., diet, dermal absorption and soil ingestion, [2] more than 90% of PCDD/F uptake is contributed by dietary intake. [3] Since an incident involving PCDD/F contaminated feeds in Belgium in 1998, many studies have been performed to evaluate PCDD/F concentrations in food, [4] dietary intake, [2,3,5−8] and the health risk of exposure to PCDD/Fs through food. [5] The main sources of PCDD/F intake from food have been found to be fish and fishery products, meat and meat products, and milk and dairy products.…”