Human Milk Oligosaccharides Variation in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Mothers

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common disease of pregnancy, but with very limited knowledge of its impact on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in breast milk. This study aimed to explore the lactational changes in the concentration of HMOs in exclusively breastfeeding GDM mothers and the differences between GDM and healthy mothers. A total of 22 mothers (11 GDM mothers vs. 11 healthy mothers) and their offspring were enrolled in the study and the levels of 14 HMOs were measured in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk. Most of the HMOs showed a significant temporal trend with decreasing levels over lactation; however, there were some exceptions for 2′-Fucosyllactose (2′-FL), 3-Fucosyllactose (3-FL), Lacto-N-fucopentaose II (LNFP-II), and Lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFP-III). Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) was significantly higher in GDM mothers in all time points and its concentrations in colostrum and transitional milk were correlated positively with the infant’s weight-for-age Z-score at six months postnatal in the GDM group. Significant group differences were also found in LNFP-II, 3′-Sialyllactose (3′-SL), and Disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT) but not in all lactational periods. The role of differently expressed HMOs in GDM needs to be further explored by follow-up studies.

The role of maternal secretor status and human milk oligosaccharides on early childhood development: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Table 1 summarizes the sociodemographic and HMO data from the 27 studies that were included in this review. The selected studies were conducted in 21 countries: Australia [31,43]; Bangladesh [53]; Brazil [36,50]; China [32,41]; Denmark [54]; Finland [30]; France [48]; Gambia [18]; Germany [39]; Kenya [42]; Malawi [47,51]; Netherlands [44]; Philippines [52]; Singapore [33]; Spain [40]; Sweden [49]; and USA [17,34,35,37,38,45]. In addition, there was one European Union study involving milk samples collected from France, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Sweden [46].…”

“…Weight gain was reported as weight z score or weight for age z score in 10/19 studies. The following studies found positive associations between HMOs and weight gain: 2’FL [30,43,54], 3FL [30,38,43], 3’SL [18,30,38,43], LNnT [35], LNFP II [38], DFLac [30,43,54], LST b [38], LNH [41], DFLNH [43], DSLNH [38], DFLNT [43], and negative associations for 3’SL [31,32], 6’SL [43], LNnT [30,32,54], LNFP II [35], LNH [31], LNFP I [17], LST b [30], LST c [18], DFLNH [54], DSLNT [32,35], FDSLNH [31].…”

“…The second metric, height gain, was reported in 12/19 studies as either weight for length z score, length for age z score, or height for age z score. The following HMOs had a positive correlation with height gain: 2’FL [30,31,47,48], 3FL [43], 3’SL [39,43], LNnT [39], LST-a [49,51], DFLNH [41,43,51], and DFLNT [43] while a negative correlation was linked with: 3FL [52], 3’SL [46], 6’SL [49], LNnT [30,39,43,46], LNT [31,39], LNFP I [39,47], LNFP II [32], LST b [30,31,49], and FLNH [39].…”

The Role of Maternal Secretor Status and Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Early Childhood Development: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…MM and HK downloaded the full texts of the remaining 69 articles and reviewed them for eligibility. At this point, 42 articles were removed from consideration because they did not meet the inclusion criteria, leaving only 27 articles in the systematic review: [17,18,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]30,[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Additionally, 12 studies that compared HMO concentrations in secretors and non-secretor mothers were included in the meta-analysis [30,31,42,43,48,[33][34][35][36][38][39][40][41].…”

Review on the Impact of Milk Oligosaccharides on the Brain and Neurocognitive Development in Early Life

“…Other maternal characteristics, such as pre-pregnancy BMI [121], gestational diabetes [122], as well as mode of delivery [123], have been demonstrated to influence HMOS concentrations in human milk. Thus, it is likely that associations between HMOS and infant cognition can be affected by other maternal factors.…”