Human parechoviruses are frequently detected in stool of healthy Finnish children

Kolehmainen, Pekka; Oikarinen, Sami; Koskiniemi, Marjaleena; Simell, Olli; Ilonen, Jorma; Knip, Mikael; Hyöty, Heikki; Tauriainen, Sisko

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2012.02.006

Cited by 57 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…It is capable of causing more severe disease, such as neonatal sepsis, encephalitis, sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), and paralysis (33)(34)(35), likely due in part to central nervous system involvement. Cases of HPeV3 infection may present with gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, but this virus has also been detected in healthy individuals (36,37). The relevance of HPeV3 to the specific gastroenteritis outbreak in this study cannot be determined, especially given that no samples from linked cases were available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Metagenomic Analysis of Viruses in Feces from Unsolved Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis in Humans

et al. 2015

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bThe etiology of an outbreak of gastroenteritis in humans cannot always be determined, and ϳ25% of outbreaks remain unsolved in New Zealand. It is hypothesized that novel viruses may account for a proportion of unsolved cases, and new unbiased highthroughput sequencing methods hold promise for their detection. Analysis of the fecal metagenome can reveal the presence of viruses, bacteria, and parasites which may have evaded routine diagnostic testing. Thirty-one fecal samples from 26 gastroenteritis outbreaks of unknown etiology occurring in New Zealand between 2011 and 2012 were selected for de novo metagenomic analysis. A total data set of 193 million sequence reads of 150 bp in length was produced on an Illumina MiSeq. The metagenomic data set was searched for virus and parasite sequences, with no evidence of novel pathogens found. Eight viruses and one parasite were detected, each already known to be associated with gastroenteritis, including adenovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, and Dientamoeba fragilis. In addition, we also describe the first detection of human parechovirus 3 (HPeV3) in Australasia. Metagenomics may thus provide a useful audit tool when applied retrospectively to determine where routine diagnostic processes may have failed to detect a pathogen. Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis are associated with significant global morbidity and mortality, particularly in pediatric populations (1). Bacterial pathogens are well-described causes of gastroenteritis, e.g., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Shigella (2, 3), but are known to occur less frequently than viral pathogens as the cause of acute gastroenteritis (4). Noroviruses, sapoviruses, group A rotaviruses, enteric adenoviruses, and astroviruses have been recognized as the main etiological agents in viral gastroenteritis, although it has been suggested that a number of other viruses may also be involved (5, 6). Parasites such as Dientamoeba fragilis have also been implicated in gastroenteritis; however, there is still debate surrounding their pathogenicity (2, 7).In New Zealand, no causative agent is identified in approximately 25% of reported gastroenteritis outbreaks at the conclusions of public health investigations (8). A proportion of unsolved cases may be due to the presence of a novel pathogen. Viral pathogens are particularly problematic to discover because well-established methods such as electron microscopy, PCR, or viral culture are not always effective; they may be too specific, lack high-throughput capability, or not be sensitive enough to detect low numbers of organisms within a sample (9). High-throughput sequencing holds promise for resolving the etiology of unsolved gastroenteritis outbreaks, as large volumes of unbiased metagenomic data are produced, allowing for the sequences from all viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi present in the sample to be revealed (10). Any knowledge gained from identifying previously unknown pathogens causing outbreaks of gastroenteritis will facilitate public health investigati...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Metagenomic Analysis of Viruses in Feces from Unsolved Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis in Humans

et al. 2015

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“…HPeV3 was detected in stool samples from healthy children during periods without epidemics [19]. Neutralizing antibodies to enteroviruses do not protect against asymptomatic reinfection [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymptomatic children might transmit human parechovirus type 3 to neonates and young infants

Aizawa

Yamanaka²,

Watanabe

et al. 2015

Journal of Clinical Virology

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“…Types found mostly in stool may have peaks in winter (December to February), whereas those causing sepsis-like illnesses and CNS infections in young infants peak from summer to autumn (June-October). [28][29][30][31] HPeV3 outbreaks occur in temporal clusters on a seasonal basis generally with a similar season as that of EVs (ie, summer-autumn season [July-October for HPeV3…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…32,33 Various HPeV genotypes have been reported in stools from asymptomatic patients, indicating that HPeV detection in stool does not necessarily confirm active disease. 17,31 Some HPeV genotypes (HPeV8-HPeV16) have been detected only in stools so far. Recently, HPeV10, HPeV13, and HPeV15 were detected in stools from Pakistani children, 34 whereas a possible new genotype (HPeV17) was described in a child from Thailand.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Parechovirus 3

Renaud¹,

Harrison²

2015

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

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Human parechoviruses are frequently detected in stool of healthy Finnish children

Cited by 57 publications

References 35 publications

Metagenomic Analysis of Viruses in Feces from Unsolved Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis in Humans

Metagenomic Analysis of Viruses in Feces from Unsolved Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis in Humans

Asymptomatic children might transmit human parechovirus type 3 to neonates and young infants

Human Parechovirus 3

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