Human Photosynthesis: A Turning Point in the Understanding and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

function of neural circuits [1]; however sufficient free chemical energy is fundamental at most. Neurons are able to change their transmitter phenotype as result and to deal with in the best way with variations mainly of the light levels in the environment. Variables other as humidity, temperature, pH, food availability, age, sex, stress degree and so forth are important too, but the amount of light, visible and invisible; its important especially due to the relatively recent finding of the intrinsic property of melanin to split and re-form the water molecule, thereby melanin possess the unexpected capacity to transform the photonic energy into free chemical energy that is susceptible to be used by the eukaryotic cell.Thereby it is not by chance that exposure of animal labs to different photoperiods, mimicking summer and winter day-lengths, is followed by meaningful changes at practically every organizational level, from cells to organs and systems.It is possible to find significant variation even in the intracellular organelles owing to differences in the quantity of light, visible and invisible. Let´s see some examples:• The diffusion of oxygen dissolved in the aqueous compartment of the cell appears to be quite sensitive to decreasing temperature (and light), primarily because of a pronounced reduction in DO 2 (diffusion coefficient) mediated by an elevation in cytoplasmic viscosity [2-4].• The cytoplasmic viscosity increase during reductions in cell temperature (and light). In Nature usually a decrease of amount of light is accompanied with a reduction in temperature.• Studies of eurythermal fishes showed that cold acclimation causes initial decreases in the rates of aerobic metabolism.• Thermal acclimation of fishes was capable of inducing very dramatic changes in sub-cellular anatomy.• During acclimation of crucian carp from 28°C to 2°C, the mitochondrial density of red muscle fibers increased by 80%. A documented fact for numerous other fish species.• The cold-induced mitochondrial proliferation in red fibers muscle, from 25°C and 5°C, mitochondria displaced 28.6% and 44.8% cell volume, respectively.• In contemporary species related with species originated in ancient times, when the Earth temperature was higher than the current conditions, the mitochondria number is meaningful less than in species recently originated, for instance, in birds, that are dinosaur-related specie.• Neurotransmitter expression switched in hypothalamic neurons it's not an isolated case. Transmitter switching occurred at several levels: at transcriptional level and was accompanied by changes in postsynaptic receptors. The very first common requirement at levels all is sufficient free chemical energy available, otherwise, the highly complex neuronal cell organization cannot carry out a proper neurotransmitter expression switching, owing to every single part of the large number of processes involved have a very first requirement in common during the entire process: available free chemical energy.• During long days, there is a higher...