Human platelet antigen 1-6, 9 and 15 in the Iranian population: An anthropological genetic analysis

Abstract

Human platelet antigens (HPAs) are membranous glycoproteins considered as alloantigens due to their polymorphisms. HPA-incompatibility in multiple pregnancies or blood transfusion can induce the development of alloantibodies leading to thrombocytopenia. The frequency of HPAs varies among populations, so that deep knowledge of HPA frequencies will help us to reduce those incompatibilities. Herein, we studied the allele and genotype frequencies of HPA1-6, HPA9, and HPA15 among the Iranians with intra-and inter-populations analyses on 36 worldwide populations with diverse ethnicities. The analysis shows that the HPA2 and HPA5 have the greatest differences in genotype distribution between the Iranians and other nations, although similar to other populations, the sole allele found in HPA4, 6, and 9 is "a". Despite other HPAs, the most frequent allele in HPA15 is "b", which is also abundant in HPA3. Hierarchical clustering indicates the highest degree of global similarity in HPA genotype frequency among Iranian, Argentinian, Brazilian, and German Turkish populations. Our findings can be applied to decrease the risk of alloimmunizations and platelet disorders, especially in neonates.

The Impact of Human Platelet Antigen Allele on Antiplatelet Antibodies and Cryoglobulins in Patients With Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia and Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Immune Thrombocytopenia

“… 23 HPA3 was the most heterogenous HPA polymorphism, as reported in many other ethnicities. 4 HPA3 is present on the most prevalent GPIIb on the platelet cell membrane. 1 Therefore, the anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibodies may be related to the high prevalence of GPIIb/IIIa and heterogeneity of the located alloantigens.…”

“…However, the frequencies of HPA alleles differ between ethnic groups and geographic areas. 3 , 4 These antigens are important and characterized by their immunogenicity of antiplatelet alloantibodies. HPA-associated alloantibodies have been associated with fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, posttransfusion purpura, and platelet transfusion refractoriness.…”

Genetic landscape of human platelet antigen variants in the Indian population analysed from 1029 whole genomes

“…In recent years, a large diversity of HPA genotypes have been reported from varied human ethnic groups from a variety of geographical locations (Azizi et al., 2021; Hayashi et al., 2020; Jovanovic Srzentic et al., 2021; Kazemi et al., 2020; Silva‐Malta et al., 2018; Yan et al., 2006). Many of these studies have suggested significant differences in the frequencies between populations.…”