Human Schistosomiasis in Cameroon

Greer, George J.; Mimpfoundi, R.; Malek, Emile A.; Joky, Alexandre; Ngonseu, Ernest; Ratard, Raoult

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1990.42.573

Cited by 40 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…arabica Saudi Arabia – – – – – – – – – – – + – [ 25 ] Bio. camerunensis Cameroon – – – – – – – – – – – + – [ 26 ] Bio. choanomphala Albert, Kyoga, Victoria – – – – – – – – – – – + – [ 27 ] Bio.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snail-borne parasitic diseases: an update on global epidemiological distribution, transmission interruption and control methods

Limpanont

et al. 2018

Infect Dis Poverty

103

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BackgroundSnail-borne parasitic diseases, such as angiostrongyliasis, clonorchiasis, fascioliasis, fasciolopsiasis, opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis and schistosomiasis, pose risks to human health and cause major socioeconomic problems in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. In this review we summarize the core roles of snails in the life cycles of the parasites they host, their clinical manifestations and disease distributions, as well as snail control methods.Main bodySnails have four roles in the life cycles of the parasites they host: as an intermediate host infected by the first-stage larvae, as the only intermediate host infected by miracidia, as the first intermediate host that ingests the parasite eggs are ingested, and as the first intermediate host penetrated by miracidia with or without the second intermediate host being an aquatic animal. Snail-borne parasitic diseases target many organs, such as the lungs, liver, biliary tract, intestines, brain and kidneys, leading to overactive immune responses, cancers, organ failure, infertility and even death. Developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America have the highest incidences of these diseases, while some endemic parasites have developed into worldwide epidemics through the global spread of snails. Physical, chemical and biological methods have been introduced to control the host snail populations to prevent disease.ConclusionsIn this review, we summarize the roles of snails in the life cycles of the parasites they host, the worldwide distribution of parasite-transmitting snails, the epidemiology and pathogenesis of snail-transmitted parasitic diseases, and the existing snail control measures, which will contribute to further understanding the snail-parasite relationship and new strategies for controlling snail-borne parasitic diseases.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0414-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snail-borne parasitic diseases: an update on global epidemiological distribution, transmission interruption and control methods

Limpanont

et al. 2018

Infect Dis Poverty

103

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“…It was shown that B. pfeifferi preferentially reproduced by self-fertilization [8, 9], thus exhibiting low genetic diversity within populations, and low survival of the offspring [9]. It is the main S. mansoni host in sub-Saharan Africa [10, 11], including Cameroon where the most active S. mansoni foci are maintained by this snail species. This intermediate host is, however, becoming scarcer in many sites in Cameroon where it used to be abundant, likely due to climatic and environmental changes operating as a consequence of global warming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B. camerunensis species is expected to present a more polymorphic structure and a better offspring survival as an advantage of its preferential outbreeding reproduction system [9, 12]. This species is found in the equatorial bioclime zone of the country, and was previously described as poorly susceptible to S. mansoni [11]. Two B. camerunensis sub-species are known to prevail in Central Africa, B. camerunensis camerunensis found in many localities in Cameroon, and B. camerunensis manzadica described in Bas-Congo in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomphalaria camerunensis as a viable alternative intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni in southern Cameroon

et al. 2018

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BackgroundIntestinal schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma mansoni was mapped in Cameroon in the 1990s and preventive chemotherapy launched since 2005. A situation analysis conducted in 2011 revealed an increase in schistosomiasis transmission, especially in the equatorial part of the country, despite the fact that Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the main intermediate host of this parasite, is now scarce in many foci. Biomphalaria camerunensis, restricted to the equatorial part of the country, is considered as a less suitable host for S. mansoni due to it resistance to the parasite, although exhibiting a better survival than B. pfeifferi. In a context where human migration is quite frequent as a consequence of terrorism, war in neighboring countries, as well as development of hydraulic projects, it seems appropriate to evaluate the current epidemiological role of B. camerunensis to estimate the risk of extension of S. mansoni distribution in Cameroon. To do this, the susceptibility of three B. pfeifferi and five B. camerunensis populations to a strain of S. mansoni was assessed. Juvenile snails (G1) of each population were infected with S. mansoni miracidia, and prepatent period, infection and survival rates of infected snails, as well as cercarial production were recorded and compared between snail species and populations.ResultsCompatibility tests were performed on a total of 827 snails: 344 B. pfeifferi and 483 B. camerunensis. Infection rates were quite heterogeneous, higher in B. pfeifferi (61.5%) as compared to B. camerunensis (7.8%) (Chi-square test: χ2 = 258.88, df = 1, P < 0.0001). All the three B. pfeifferi-infected populations were susceptible to S. mansoni. However, among the five B. camerunensis populations tested, four were susceptible to S. mansoni, with 21.9% as the highest infection rate. The prepatent period was, on average, shorter in B. pfeifferi than in B. camerunensis (P < 0.0001), but the cercarial production was significantly higher in B. camerunensis as compared to B. pfeifferi (P < 0.001).ConclusionThese findings indicate that B. camerunensis populations might substantially contribute to S. mansoni transmission and dissemination in Cameroon, their low susceptibility being compensated by their high cercariae production. More attention and surveillance towards this species are required to achieve intestinal schistosomiasis elimination in Cameroon.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2763-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The development of dams for hydroelectric power, irrigation canals and lack of portable drinking water are some of the factors that have greatly contributed to the high prevalence of schistosomiasis in the country [16]. The variation in the distribution of schistosomiasis in Cameroon also extends to the snail intermediate host; Bulinus globusus and B. senegalensis are the most common hosts transmitting S. haematobium in the northern half of the country meanwhile B. truncatus is the principal host transmitting S. haematobium in the southern half [17]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis among primary school children in barrage, Magba sub-division of Cameroon

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and intensity as well as the factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis (US) in Barrage, a rural community around the Mape΄ dam, in the West region of Cameroon not previously documented for transmission.MethodsIn this cross sectional parasitological survey, 382 children were enrolled from three primary schools in the study area between March and May 2016. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on demographics, clinical and predisposing factors. The syringe filtration technique was used to analyse urine samples. Samples with visible or gross haematuria were recorded prior to filtration. The Pearson chi-square, the student T-test and logistic regression were all performed as part of the statistical analyses.ResultsThe overall prevalence of US was 41.1% (95% CI: 36.1–46.2). Infection was more common in children below 10 years (p = 0.009), in males (p = 0.029), and in children who frequently come into contact with water from the dam (p < 0.001). Furthermore, US was more common in children attending Ecole Public (EP) Manbonko Bord (81.1%, p < 0.001) which is very close to the dam and in children from a fishing background (80.9%, p < 0.001). On the contrary, knowledge about schistosomiasis was not observed to be associated with prevalence. In this study, the intensity of infection was observed to be higher in children below 10 years (p < 0.001), in males (p = 0.001), and in children attending EP Manbonko Bord (p < 0.001). The intensity of infection was also highest in children presenting with haematuria (p < 0.001). Frequent contact with water from the dam and having parents whose occupation was fishing were identified as the associated factors for US.ConclusionA high prevalence of US was observed in school-aged children in the study area especially in those attending EP Manbonko Bord. Limiting contact with water from the dam, control of the snail intermediate host, provision of portable water and mass treatment of the entire population are proposed as some of the measures to reduce and eventually eliminate transmission in the area.

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Human Schistosomiasis in Cameroon

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Snail-borne parasitic diseases: an update on global epidemiological distribution, transmission interruption and control methods

Snail-borne parasitic diseases: an update on global epidemiological distribution, transmission interruption and control methods

Biomphalaria camerunensis as a viable alternative intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni in southern Cameroon

Prevalence and factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis among primary school children in barrage, Magba sub-division of Cameroon

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