Human T Lymphotropic Virus and Pulmonary Diseases

Dias, Ápio Ricardo Nazareth; Falcão, Luiz Fábio Magno; Falcão, Aline Semblano Carreira; Normando, Valéria Marques Ferreira; Quaresma, Juarez Antônio Simões

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01879

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…A series of studies has shown the relationship between HTLV-1 and pulmonary diseases. Specifically, HAM/TSP patients displayed lymphocytic inflammation [ 180 , 181 , 182 ] and changes in CT scan images [ 183 , 184 , 185 ]. Severe lung damage is predominantly observed in HTLV-1-associated inflammatory diseases such as HAM/TSP and uveitis due to the presence of high CD4 + CD25 + T lymphocytes, release of cytokines (i.e., IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ), inflammatory chemokines (i.e., MIP-1α and IP-10), and expression of ICAM-1 in the bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) [ 127 , 186 ].…”

Section: Evs In Htlv-1-related Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible Messenger

Sharif

Pinto

Mensah

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects 5–10 million people worldwide and is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) as well as other inflammatory diseases. A major concern is that the most majority of individuals with HTLV-1 are asymptomatic carriers and that there is limited global attention by health care officials, setting up potential conditions for increased viral spread. HTLV-1 transmission occurs primarily through sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, intravenous drug usage, and breast feeding. Currently, there is no cure for HTLV-1 infection and only limited treatment options exist, such as class I interferons (IFN) and Zidovudine (AZT), with poor prognosis. Recently, small membrane-bound structures, known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), have received increased attention due to their potential to carry viral cargo (RNA and proteins) in multiple pathogenic infections (i.e., human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), Zika virus, and HTLV-1). In the case of HTLV-1, EVs isolated from the peripheral blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of HAM/TSP patients contained the viral transactivator protein Tax. Additionally, EVs derived from HTLV-1-infected cells (HTLV-1 EVs) promote functional effects such as cell aggregation which enhance viral spread. In this review, we present current knowledge surrounding EVs and their potential role as immune-modulating agents in cancer and other infectious diseases such as HTLV-1 and HIV-1. We discuss various features of EVs that make them prime targets for possible vehicles of future diagnostics and therapies.

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Section: Evs In Htlv-1-related Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible Messenger

Sharif

Pinto

Mensah

et al. 2020

Viruses

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“…[ 1 ] HTLV-1 is linked to two life-threatening illnesses, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) and HTLV-1-associated malignancy (adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma [ATLL]). [ 2 ] Furthermore, some ATLL patients and HTLV-1 carriers regularly exhibit pulmonary complications characterized by one of the following forms: lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP), alveolitis,[ 3 ] HTLV-1-associated bronchioloalveolar disorder (HABA), bronchopneumopathy,[ 4 5 ] diffuse panbronchiolitis-like disease (DPB), and bronchiectasis. [ 3 ] HTLV-1-associated bronchiectasis is particularly common in the Australian population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 2 ] Furthermore, some ATLL patients and HTLV-1 carriers regularly exhibit pulmonary complications characterized by one of the following forms: lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP), alveolitis,[ 3 ] HTLV-1-associated bronchioloalveolar disorder (HABA), bronchopneumopathy,[ 4 5 ] diffuse panbronchiolitis-like disease (DPB), and bronchiectasis. [ 3 ] HTLV-1-associated bronchiectasis is particularly common in the Australian population. [ 6 ] The DPB is a severe obstructive respiratory disorder recognized by the appearance of injuries in the respiratory bronchiole.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Changes Leukocyte Number and Oxidative Stress in the Lung and Blood of Female BALB/c Mice

Hedayati-Moghadam

Rezaee

Boskabady

et al. 2021

Advanced Biomedical Research

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Background: Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1(HTLV-1) infection is likely to induce nonneoplastic inflammatory pulmonary diseases. Therefore, an experimental study was conducted to evaluate the leukocytes' number alteration and oxidative stress in the lung and blood of HTLV-1-infected BALB/c mice, which could be of benefit for the recognition of HTLV-1 mechanism in the induction of pulmonary disorders. Materials and Methods: Twenty female BALB/c mice were divided into two groups of control and HTLV-1-infected animals. The HTLV-1-infected group was inoculated with 10 6 MT-2 HTLV-1-infected cells. Two months later, the infection was confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and then lung pathological changes, total and differential inflammatory cell counts in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), along with oxidative stress biomarker levels in the BALF and lung tissue were evaluated. Results: In the HTLV-1-infected group, the peribronchitis score ( P < 0.01), the number of total leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes ( P < 0.05) in the blood and BALF were increased. The number of eosinophils in the blood of the HTLV-1-infected group was higher than in the control group ( P < 0.01), whereas the number of basophils of BALF was increased in the HTLV-1-infected group ( P < 0.001). The lung and BALF oxidative stress results showed that the MDA level was increased, while the total thiol level and superoxide dismutase activity were decreased in the HTLV-1-infected group ( P < 0.01). Conclusion: The HTLV-1 infection seems to induce pulmonary inflammatory reactions by recruiting leukocytes as well as inducing oxidative stress in the lung tissue.

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“…HTLV integrates the transcribed RNA as a DNA provirus into the cell nucleic acid [12][13][14][15][16], and this simple evolutionary procedure leads to the persistence of the virus and its maintenance in nature and has serious implications for the different clinical and epidemiological outcomes of the infection and diseases associated with the virus. The wide array of clinical outcomes shows the target complexity within the human host (including the CNS, blood, lungs, eyes, muscles, bladder and skin), and several medical specialties have to be involved in the care and treatment of infected and diseased persons [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The challenge of describing the epidemiology of HTLV in the Amazon region of Brazil

Ishak

Vallinoto

2020

Retrovirology

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HTLV-1 was the first described human retrovirus and was soon found to be associated with severe clinical diseases, including a devastating lymphoma/leukemia and other inflammatory diseases. Although HTLV-2 is not usually pathogenic, it is widely distributed among native Indian populations in Brazil, particularly in the Amazon region of the country. Presently, HTLV spreads mainly by the sexual route and from mother to child, and virus persistence is an active biological factor aiding its transmission. Recently, the use of illicit drugs has been shown to be an additional risk factor, showing the influence of new habits on the epidemiology of HTLV in the region. Despite the detection of the virus in several different populations in the Amazon region of Brazil for almost 30 years, the exact prevalence of HTLV-1/2 is not well defined. The original biases in sampling and the selection of epidemiologically unsuitable populations were commonly repeated in most prevalence studies, generating unreliable and conflicting figures that do not represent the actual prevalence of HTLV. The improvements in clinical and laboratory facilities have resulted in the description of several clinical manifestations that were previously unknown in the region. The extent of the spread of the virus must be defined in this region, which is the largest geographical area of the country. As prophylaxis advances toward the use of vaccines against HTLV-1, it is important to determine who is at risk of being infected and developing a disease to successfully implement preventive measures, particularly as proposals are made to eradicate the virus among humans.

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Human T Lymphotropic Virus and Pulmonary Diseases

Cited by 18 publications

References 43 publications

Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible Messenger

Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible Messenger

Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Changes Leukocyte Number and Oxidative Stress in the Lung and Blood of Female BALB/c Mice

The challenge of describing the epidemiology of HTLV in the Amazon region of Brazil

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