Human Toxocariasis and the Visceral Larva Migrans Syndrome: Correlative Immunopathology

Kayes, Stephen G.

doi:10.1159/000058667

Cited by 100 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Vários autores encontraram alta prevalência em regiões com baixo poder aquisitivo, baixo índice de urbanização e parte da população sem acesso às condições sanitárias 17,33,38 . As maiores taxas de soroprevalências estão associadas aos baixos níveis socioeconômico e/ou educacional 19,21,[39][40][41][42][43] . Em Brasília (DF), foi encontrada soropositividade para T. canis de 21,8% em amostras colhidas em laboratório de hospital público e de 3% em crianças de classe média, atendidas em laboratório privado 44 .…”

Section: Epidemiologiaunclassified

“…Vários autores mostraram maior prevalência no sexo masculino 19,37,39,41,42,46 , com relação masculino 1,5 a 2,3:1 feminino 5,26,28,58 . Assim como em adultos, essa relação mantém-se até três vezes maior no sexo masculino em relação ao sexo feminino 59 .…”

Section: Epidemiologiaunclassified

“…Há muitas evidências de que a produção crônica de antígenos parasitários, estimulação contínua do sistema imune do hospedeiro e uma concomitante produção de eosinófilos podem deixar complicações sistêmicas. O fígado é um dos locais mais comuns para essas lesões e envolvimento hepático devido à drenagem portal dos órgãos 39,116 .…”

Section: Resposta Imunológicaunclassified

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Toxocariasis: visceral larva migrans in children

Carvalho¹,

Rocha²

2011

J Pediatr (Rio J)

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Objectives: To present a detailed investigation of risk factors, symptoms, and laboratory and imaging tests that may be useful to establish the clinical laboratory diagnosis of visceral larva migrans (VLM) in children, demonstrating the importance of diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications in the eyes, liver, and other organs. Sources:Literature review using the MEDLINE and LILACS (1952-2009) databases, selecting the most recent and representative articles on the topic. Summary of the findings:VLM is an infectious disease with nonspecific clinical presentation, whose transmission is related to contact with dogs, especially puppies, and which may progress to late systemic complications in vital organs such as the eyes and the central nervous system. IgG (ELISA) anti-T. canis can be used to establish the laboratory diagnosis. Higher cutoff points suggest recent illness and lower cutoff points demonstrate mild infection or infection in remission. Therapeutic response may be assessed by means of eosinophil blood cell count. The present article provides the pediatrician with updated information regarding VLM, a disease of high prevalence worldwide and in Brazil. Conclusions:The diagnosis of VLM depends mainly on the presence of dogs in the child's household, associated with ELISA (IgG anti-T. canis), using excretory-secretory antigens of Toxocara canis. Prospective studies are warranted to assess the best drug therapy. Prevention is the most important strategy because of the high prevalence of T. canis in urban areas.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2011;87(2):100-110: Toxocara canis, dogs, infection, epidemiology, ELISA, prevalence. ResumoObjetivos: Apresentar investigação detalhada de fatores de risco, sintomatologia, exames laboratoriais e de imagem que possam contribuir para o diagnóstico clínico-laboratorial da larva migrans visceral (LMV) em crianças e mostrar a importância do diagnóstico e do tratamento para evitar complicações oculares, hepáticas e em outros órgãos. Fontes dos dados:Revisão de literatura utilizando os bancos de dados MEDLINE e LILACS , selecionando os artigos mais atuais e representativos do tema. Síntese dos dados:LMV é uma doença infecciosa de apresentação clínica inespecífica cuja transmissão está relacionada ao contato com cães, principalmente filhotes, podendo evoluir com complicações sistêmicas tardias em órgãos vitais como o olho e sistema nervoso central. Para diagnóstico laboratorial, pode ser utilizado IgG (ELISA) anti-Toxocara canis, cujos pontos de corte mais elevados sugerem doença recente e, os mais baixos, infecção leve ou em resolução. A resposta terapêutica pode ser avaliada por meio da contagem de eosinófilos no sangue. Esse artigo atualiza o pediatra em relação à LMV, doença de alta prevalência no mundo e no Brasil.Conclusões: O diagnóstico de LMV depende principalmente da epidemiologia da presença de cães no domicílio da criança, associada ao ELISA (IgG para T. canis), utilizando antígenos Toxocara de excreção e secreção. São necessários estudos prospectivos para avali...

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Section: Epidemiologiaunclassified

Section: Resposta Imunológicaunclassified

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Toxocariasis: visceral larva migrans in children

Carvalho¹,

Rocha²

2011

J Pediatr (Rio J)

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“…Several species of larval nematodes including Anisakis larvae undergo extensive migration within their intermediate hosts, and the migrated visceral larvae cause a severe inflammatory disease characterized by hepatomegaly, eosinophilia, and hypergammaglobulinemia (22)(23)(24). Encapsulation of the larvae by the host certainly prevents their migration and growth, and may function as a major defense system against larval infection.…”

Section: Aip Predominantly Localizes In the Inner Cavity Of Capsule Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and Cloning of an Apoptosis-Inducing Protein Derived from Fish Infected with Anisakis simplex, a Causative Nematode of Human Anisakiasis

Jung

Mai

Iwamoto³

et al. 2000

The Journal of Immunology

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While investigating the effect of marine products on cell growth, we found that visceral extracts of Chub mackerel, an ocean fish, had a powerful and dose-dependent apoptosis-inducing effect on a variety of mammalian tumor cells. This activity was strikingly dependent on infection of the C. mackerel with the larval nematode, Anisakis simplex. After purification of the protein responsible for the apoptosis-inducing activity, we cloned the corresponding gene and found it to be a flavoprotein. This protein, termed apoptosis-inducing protein (AIP), was also found to possess an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (C-terminal KDEL sequence) and H2O2-producing activity, indicating that we had isolated a novel reticuloplasimin with potent apoptosis-inducing activity. AIP was induced in fish only after infection with larval nematode and was localized to capsules that formed around larvae to prevent their migration to host tissues. Our results suggest that AIP may function to impede nematode infection.

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“…The changes in the number and ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the cell immune response are typical phenomena in larval toxocarosis (Kayes, 1997). Both subpopulations play an important role in regulatory and cytotoxic immune mechanisms and in resistance not only in case of toxocarosis, but also in other nematodoses (Cox, 1992;Ro�man et al, 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-parturitional changes in the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in Toxocara canis-infected mice and their offspring

Reiterová¹,

Tomašovičová²,

Dubinský³

2004

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The aim of this study was to determine the post-parturitional changes in the proportion of the splenic CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulation of T lymphocytes a�er the birth of Toxocara canis infected C57Bl/6 mice and their offspring in relation to the intensity of infection. In mothers infected on the day of mating the proportion of CD4+ T lymphocytes showed an increase for the period of 21 days a�er the birth in comparison with the control group of the mothers. Conversely, the proportion of CD8+ T lymphocytes showed a significant decline throughout the whole course of the observation. In the offspring of infected mothers the initial increase of CD4+ a�er the birth turned into a significant decrease in comparison with the offspring of the healthy mothers. The reduction of CD8+ T lymphocytes was detected in the offspring of the infected mothers almost throughout the whole period of observation. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio showed a considerable increase in infected mothers and their offspring in comparison with the control groups. T. canis larvae in the muscle of offspring were found for the first time on the fi�h day a�er the birth and the number of larvae showed a moderate increase. The results refer to the changes in the immune regulatory mechanisms in the T. canis infected mothers and the high level of miscarriages a�er infection.

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Human Toxocariasis and the Visceral Larva Migrans Syndrome: Correlative Immunopathology

Cited by 100 publications

References 96 publications

Toxocariasis: visceral larva migrans in children

Toxocariasis: visceral larva migrans in children

Purification and Cloning of an Apoptosis-Inducing Protein Derived from Fish Infected with Anisakis simplex, a Causative Nematode of Human Anisakiasis

Post-parturitional changes in the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in Toxocara canis-infected mice and their offspring

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