Human Xp/Yp telomere analysis by Southern-STELA

Ivanković, Milena; Kalajžić, Andrea Ćukušić; Vidaček, Nikolina Škrobot; Simić, Ivana; Mrsić, Sanja; Rubelj, Ivica

doi:10.1007/s10522-011-9368-x

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 43 publications

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“…Telomere shortening has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. [49,55,56] When telomeres shorten to their critical length, they can no longer protect the ends of chromosomes. This process is of particular importance because such telomere is recognized by DNA damage response mechanisms which permanently stop cell division in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, causing cellular aging.…”

Section: Role Of Telomeres In Genome (In)stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Extrachromosomal DNA in Genome (in)Stability – Role of Telomeres

Nanić¹,

Ravlić²,

Rubelj³

2016

Croat. Chem. Acta

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Eukaryotic genome consists of long linear chromosomes. It is complex in its content and has dynamic features. It mostly consists of non-coding DNA of various repeats, often prone to recombination including creation of extrachromosomal DNA which can be re-integrated into distant parts of the genome, often in different chromosome. These events are usually part of normal genome function enabling molecular response to changes in the cell or organism's environment and enabling their evolutionary development as well. These mechanisms also contribute to genome instability as in the case of abnormal immortalization like in cancer cells. Telomeres are among most important repetitive sequences, located at the end of linear chromosomes. They serve as guardians of genome stability but they also have dynamic features playing important role in cell aging and immortalization, both as chromosomal components or as extrachromosomal DNA. Also, recombination events on telomeres provide plausible explanation for stochastic nature of cell senescence, a phenomenon unjustly overlooked in broader literature.Keywords: extrachromosomal DNA, genome stability, satellite DNA, telomeres, cell aging. EUKARYO TIC GENOMEIZE of eukaryotic genomes often are not correlated with their genetic complexity. These differences do not come from significant variation in the number of genes but rather from content of several types of non-coding sequences that make large part of the genome. Although the number and the size of chromosomes differ between eukaryotic species, their basic structure is identical for all eukaryotes. The DNA and corresponding proteins in the interphase nucleus is called chromatin. The degree of chromatin condensation changes throughout the cell cycle. Part of the chromatin that is relaxed in the interphase is called euchromatin and mostly contains active genes. The remaining ∼ 10 % of the interphase chromatin represents heterochromatin which is condensed and transcriptionally suppressed because it mostly consists of highly repetitive DNA sequences. Thus, the structure of chromatin in eukaryotes is closely correlated with the control of gene expression.During the cell division the chromatin progressively condenses forming metaphase chromosomes, in which the DNA density increases up to 10 000 times. [1] THE REPETITIVE DNA CON TENT OF THE GENOME Repetitive sequences represent the most variable component which plays significant role in the complexity and dynamic of eukaryotic genomes. Approximately 50 % of the human genome is comprised of repetitive DNA. Types of repetitive sequences can be determined based on the kinetics of their reassociation upon denaturation. [2][3][4][5] Highly repetitive DNA represents ∼ 30 -45 % of mammalian DNA and reassociates quickly after denaturation. It consists of three subgroups of repetitive DNA. i) Satellite DNA is usually 100 kilo base (kb) to 1 mega base (mb) long and spans centromeric areas. In human genome, alphoid satellite DNA with 171 base pairs (bp) long repeats occupies 3 -5 % of the...

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Section: Role Of Telomeres In Genome (In)stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Extrachromosomal DNA in Genome (in)Stability – Role of Telomeres

Nanić¹,

Ravlić²,

Rubelj³

2016

Croat. Chem. Acta

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Telomere length and telomerase activity during oocyte maturation and early embryo development in mammalian species

Öztürk¹,

Sözen²,

Demır³

2013

Molecular Human Reproduction

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Telomeres are located at the ends of all eukaryotic chromosomes and protect them from deleterious events such as inappropriate DNA repair, illegitimate recombination or improper segregation of the chromosomes during mitotic or meiotic divisions. However, telomeres gradually shorten primarily due to successive rounds of genomic DNA replication and also as the result of the adverse effects of oxidative stress, genotoxic agents, diseases related to ageing and environmental factors on the nuclear materials of dividing or non-dividing cells. Germline cells, proliferative granulosa cells, early embryos, stem cells, highly proliferative somatic cells and many cancer cells contain the enzyme telomerase so that they are capable of elongating the shortened telomeres. Although numerous studies have revealed the length of telomeres and telomerase activity in oocytes, granulosa cells and early embryos, only a few studies have analyzed and compared the work performed on distinct mammalian species. In this comprehensive review article, we compare and discuss telomere length and telomerase activity in oocytes, granulosa cells and early embryos in different mammalian species including mice, bovines and humans.

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Human Xp/Yp telomere analysis by Southern-STELA

Cited by 2 publications

References 43 publications

Extrachromosomal DNA in Genome (in)Stability – Role of Telomeres

Extrachromosomal DNA in Genome (in)Stability – Role of Telomeres

Telomere length and telomerase activity during oocyte maturation and early embryo development in mammalian species

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