Human zoonotic tuberculosis and livestock exposure in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review identifying challenges in laboratory diagnosis

Abstract

Background: Zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB) accounts for 1.4% of the global tuberculosis burden, with the largest disease burden in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs).These populations have increased exposure to zTB due to livestock rearing practices and raw dairy consumption. This qualitative systematic literature review evaluates the quality of the literature that examines the association between human zTB in LMICs and frequent exposure to livestock and livestock products and summarizes current gaps in laboratory detection methods. Methods:The Navigation Guide, a systematic review framework utilized to assess environmental health exposures, was used to conduct this literature review. Peerreviewed research articles were selected and evaluated for risk of bias and quality of evidence. Only studies conducted in LMICs that mentioned livestock or livestock product exposure and had a confirmed diagnosis were eligible. Results:Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Reported prevalence of human zTB ranged from 0% to 28%, with cattle and raw dairy the primary exposures. All confirmed zTB cases were Mycobacterium bovis. Eight of the 15 studies included livestock sampling, predominantly cattle and reported prevalence of zTB between 0% and 23%. Laboratory methods used included nearly a dozen different culture methods and a variety of molecular methods, some of which are not appropriate for zTB. Conclusions:This review revealed the need for appropriate and standardized laboratory diagnostic methods, and large prospective studies of at-risk populations to determine exposures that lead to an increased risk of tuberculosis conversion/infection to better understand the true burden of disease.Standardized, easy to implement laboratory diagnostics is an imperative focus for this scientific field to better identify the burden of zTB. Future studies pairing livestock and human subjects will allow better characterization of the high zTB transmission areas for targeted control and prevention programmes. K E Y W O R D Shumans, livestock, Mycobacterium bovis, ruminants, tuberculosis, zoonosis

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“…This in turn will have minimal impact on the control and prevention of zoonotic tuberculosis where disease transmission is predominantly through animal handling and food ingestion. Therefore, it is believed that zoonotic tuberculosis will become a more critical public health problem, at least in developing countries (Cousins 2001 ; Wedlock et al 2002 , 2012 ; Luciano and Roess 2020 ). Identification of key challenges involved at human–animal interface will facilitate better disease control and management.…”

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“…M. tuberculosis is a highly successful pathogen that is the leading cause of human deaths from a single infectious agentapproximately 1.25 million in 2018 [8]. In addition, for several low-and middle-income countries, the human TB disease burden is increased by zoonotic TB (zTB) caused by infection with M. bovis [9][10][11][12].…”